西方经济学研究主题的变迁

发布时间：2018-09-03 08:15

【摘要】：发展变化是事物存在的方式，并且总是在发展过程中留下线索吸引我们去探求其中的规律。本文正是希望通过对西方经济学研究主题变迁的考察，实现对经济学发展规律的进一步认识。经济学理论发展到今天，经历了许多次分分合合，最后一次综合出现在20世纪60年代，以保罗·萨缪尔森为代表的新古典综合派提出的理论主张。70年代的“滞胀”打破了这一稳定，货币学派、供给学派、理性预期等应运而起，这种百家争鸣的景象一直持续到今天。代表着经济学研究最高荣誉的诺贝尔经济学奖近几年授予的都是并非纯经济理论的研究成果，计量经济学、认知心理学、实验经济学等等摘走了这一殊荣。许多学者都认为，现在已经是知识经济时代，知识的作用被提高到前所未有的地位，这对经济学传统的研究对象说法提出挑战；科技的发展也加剧了人与自然间的矛盾，资源、环境的利用问题越来越突出，贫困、战争并没随着技术的提高而离我们远去，经济学应该关注这些新问题和老问题在新环境下的发展。面对上述问题，我们不禁要问，经济学现在到底在研究什么？到底都研究过什么？这种分裂是常态还是终将结束？它将向何处发展？我们无法逃避过去，研究主题的变迁反映出社会生活的发展变化，其中也蕴含了经济学学科的发展变化规律，以此为研究客体的意义正是在于探索一门学科的基本发展规律，研究过去，可能会找到我们困惑的原因，有助于说明这门学科将来合理期望的发展。本文包括四个部分，首先介绍变迁过程；接下来归纳了变迁的特点及呈现这些特点的原因，这些特点包括：迂回的变迁、研究主体多元化、人 WP=41 本主义精神、国别化特点；随后分析了变迁发生的原因，主要是现实要求发生变化、知识发展的累积性和突变性、其他学科发展的影响以及经济学者个人的因素；最后根据上述内容提出作者个人对理论分裂、综合的看法，并且展望经济学未来发展方向。研究主题与每个时期学者对经济学研究对象的理解有关，所以本文按照他们对研究对象的理解分类考察研究主题的变迁。最早的是财富观点，古代经济学将财富理解成物质，他们研究的主题集中于家庭财产管理；重商主义理解财富为金银，研究了流通、开采、对外贸易等相关问题；古典经济学把财富概念又转回生产领域，研究内容涉及分工、交换、货币、价值；历史学派则主张从一国具体形式和特有的国际关系出发研究本国具体情况。19世纪70年代的边际革命提出了微观效用观点，用心理感觉来解释商品、效用、价值等范畴。随后是人类行为观点：以马歇尔和罗宾斯为代表，认为经济学是研究人类活动的，主要论述均衡价格理论、垄断价格理论、收入分配理论、经济发展理论等。20世纪30年代凯恩斯开创宏观经济学，研究主题是失业和危机以及与此相适应的总供给、总需求和总价格的关系。“滞胀”问题使得货币主义、制度经济学等繁荣起来，他们从多种角度分析解释资本主义世界现存问题。后来经济学研究又拓展到人力资本、家庭生活、政治生活等领域。纵观变迁过程，具有以下特点：第一，迂回的变迁。经济学研究主题的变迁过程不是单向发展的，而是存在迂回，但实际内容决不是简单重复过去，而是适应当时环境的一种新的再选择，由于前人理论中的真理性因素使得其再次被引用、推崇。第二，研究主题多元化。人类社会、经济生活的复杂使得可以纳入研究主题的内容很多。经济学研究主题的多元化趋势使得经济学本身进一步细化、整个体系更加完善。第三，坚持人本主义。经济学的研究主题无论是财富生产、效用还是货币、制度，其根本一直都没有离开“人”，体现了社会科学研究者的人本主义精神，也就是以人的需要为本。第四，主题变迁呈现国别化特点。 WP=42 接着分析了变迁的原因；第一，物质决定意识，，新问题的出现就成了新的研究主题确立的最直接原因。整个人类历史的演进变化，决定了研究主题的发展变化。比如凯恩斯革命就是30年代大萧条的直接理论产物。第二，进化是遗传、突变共同作用的结果。人类的认识过程就是学习过程，知识发展到现在主要是靠积累实现的。主题变迁一方面缘于后人补充发展前人观点，另一方面是批判否定前人理论。第三，其它学科发展的影响，主要分析了哲学、心理学、自然科学对经济学研究主题确立的影响。第四，经济学者个人因素，包括学者所处时代、代表的阶级利益、生活背景等。最后一部分展望了经济学未来发展，提出自己看法：第一，经济学的理论是发展变化的，追求一种放之四海而皆准的经济学是不现实的。我们应该本着一种科学的态度看待各种理论间的差异和不足，从中学习有价值的，而不是陷于挑剔和无止境的争论；我们看待经济学理论还要坚持发展的观点，与时俱进，客观评价某一阶段的理论成果。第二，经济学提供的是一种思维方法，这种方法有助于其它学科开阔思路，经济学将渗入生活的方方面面。第三，学科交叉现象日益突出，不同领域、同一领域不同方向的学者间的沟通将影响到各自的研究效率，需要有效的交流方式。第四，经济学的发展会坚持人本主义方向，担起其分析与研究人类活动的社会科学的责任。
[Abstract]:Development and change are the way things exist, and always leave clues in the process of development to attract us to explore the laws. This paper is to realize a further understanding of the law of economic development by examining the changes in the theme of western economic research.
The development of economic theory has gone through many divisions and combinations, the last comprehensive emerged in the 1960s, Paul Samuelson as the representative of the neo-classical School of synthesis put forward theoretical propositions. The 1970s "stagflation" broke this stability, the monetary school, the supply school, rational expectations and so on, such as the emergence of a hundred schools of contention. The scene continues to this day.
The Nobel Prize in Economics, which represents the highest honor in economic research, has been awarded in recent years for research results that are not purely economic theories. Econometrics, cognitive psychology, experimental economics, etc. have taken away this honor.
Many scholars believe that it is now the era of knowledge-based economy, the role of knowledge has been raised to an unprecedented position, which challenges the traditional research object of economics; the development of science and technology has also intensified the contradiction between man and nature, the use of resources and the environment has become increasingly prominent, poverty, war has not been accompanied by the improvement of technology. And away from us, economics should pay attention to the development of these new problems and old problems in the new environment.
In the face of these questions, we can not help but ask, what is economics studying now? What has it studied? Is this division normal or will it end? Where will it develop? We can not escape the past. The change of research theme reflects the development and change of social life, which also contains the law of development and change of economics discipline. The significance of studying the object lies in exploring the basic law of development of a discipline and studying the past, which may help us to find out the reasons for our confusion and explain the development of this discipline in the future.
This paper consists of four parts, first of all, introduces the process of change, then summarizes the characteristics of change and the reasons for these characteristics, these features include: circuitous changes, research subject diversification, people.
WP=41
The spirit of benevolence and the peculiarity of nationalization are the main reasons for the changes, which are the changes of realistic demands, the accumulation and mutation of knowledge development, the influence of other disciplines and the individual factors of economists. Finally, according to the above contents, the author puts forward the author's personal views on the split of theory and the comprehensive view, and looks forward to the economy. Learn future directions.
The theme of the study is related to scholars'understanding of the objects of economic research in each period, so this paper investigates the changes of the subjects according to their understanding of the objects of study. Gold and silver, the study of circulation, mining, foreign trade and other related issues; classical economics to the concept of wealth back to the field of production, research content involves division of labor, exchange, currency, value; historical school advocates the specific situation of a country from the specific form and specific international relations. The view of micro-utility, which uses psychological perception to explain commodity, utility, value and other categories, is followed by the view of human behavior: represented by Marshall and Robbins, economics studies human activities, mainly discussing equilibrium price theory, monopoly price theory, income distribution theory, economic development theory and so on. Macroeconomics studies unemployment and crisis and the relationship between aggregate supply, aggregate demand and aggregate price. The problem of "stagflation" makes monetarism and institutional economics flourish. They analyze and explain the existent problems in the capitalist world from various perspectives. Later economic studies expanded to human capital and family life. Living, political life and other fields.
Looking at the process of change, it has the following characteristics: firstly, circuitous change. The change process of economic research topic is not one-way development, but there are circuitous, but the actual content is not simply to repeat the past, but a new re-choice to adapt to the environment, because the predecessor's theory of truth factor makes it again cited, pushed forward. Chong. Secondly, research topics are diversified. The complexity of human society and economic life makes it possible to include a lot of research topics. The diversification trend of economic research topics further refines economics itself and makes the whole system more perfect. Thirdly, adhere to humanism. Money and institution have never departed from "people" at all, reflecting the humanistic spirit of social science researchers, that is, based on human needs. Fourthly, thematic change presents the characteristics of nationalization.
WP=42
First, the emergence of new problems is the most direct reason for the establishment of new research topics. The evolution of human history determines the development and change of research topics. For example, the Keynesian Revolution was the direct theoretical product of the Great Depression of the 1930s. Second, evolution is heredity, mutation altogether. The process of human cognition is the process of learning, and the development of knowledge is mainly realized by accumulation. The change of subject is due to the complementary development of the predecessors'viewpoints and the critical negation of the predecessors' theories. Fourthly, the personal factors of the economist, including the age of the scholar, the class interests represented, the background of life and so on.
The last part looks forward to the future development of economics and puts forward its own views. Firstly, the theory of economics is developing and changing. It is unrealistic to pursue an all-embracing economics. We should treat the differences and deficiencies among various theories with a scientific attitude, and learn from them valuable, rather than being caught in criticism. Second, economics provides a way of thinking, which helps other disciplines broaden their thinking, and economics will penetrate into all aspects of life. Third, the phenomenon of cross-disciplines is becoming increasingly prominent. Fourthly, the development of economics will adhere to the humanistic direction and shoulder the responsibility of social sciences to analyze and study human activities.
【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2004
【分类号】：F0

【相似文献】