关中地区农业土地利用研究：1644-1949

发布时间：2018-04-10 15:48

本文选题：清代 + 民国　；参考：《陕西师范大学》2015年博士论文

【摘要】：本研究是1368年以来黄土高原地区土地利用研究的重要组成部分。旨在通过对1644至1949年关中地区农业土地利用的研究,为黄土高原土地利用研究提供支撑。具体而言,旨在厘清本研究时段内关中地区的耕作土地数量、质量及其变动过程,以及影响其变动的驱动因素的相关情况。研究利用清代的基础文献、农书、陕西地方志、民国地方志、奏折、档案等资料,考察影响1644——1949年关中地区农业土地利用的自然及人文因素,包括：自然资源、人口资源、土地数量与类型、农田水利建设、耕作制度等。其中民国档案资料多为首次利用。本文首先通过对研究时段内关中地区自然资源、农业资源、人口、自然灾害以及社会状况的复原,构建关中地区农业土地利用的背景,在此基础上对关中地区耕地的数量与类型进行讨论,初步提出判定清代关中地区耕地质量的方法；关中地区位于半干旱区,农田水利工程兴修与否对农业土地利用的效率影响很大,因此,本文对研究时段内关中地区的农田水利工程也进行了考察；基础条件具备之后,以人为中心的耕作制度,包括作物的种植制度、养地制度等均与农业土地利用息息相关,在对研究时段内关中地区耕作制度进行考察时,本文努力复原了1644至1949年关中作物结构变迁的过程。对学界研究几乎空白的民国时期关中地区的农业土地利用进行部分复原,尤其关注到民国关中地区政府倡导的大规模植树造林行为。通过对上述主要问题的研究,得出以下结论：1644——1949年问,关中地区的农业土地利用以种植业为最主要方式。若按照土地利用的规模论,可以将三百年的土地利用史划分为五个阶段：第一,1644——1700年代,清初大量抛荒的土地恢复垦种阶段；第二,1700——1860年代,土地利用范围在复垦基础上扩大的阶段；第三,1862—1878战乱灾荒引起大规模土地再度抛荒阶段；第四,1878——1920年代土地利用缓慢恢复期；第五,1920——1949,土地利用规模继续恢复、现代农业因素引入阶段。若按照其种植制度划分,则可以乾隆初年为界划分为两大阶段,乾隆初年以前作物结构主要为传统作物麦、粟谷、豆类等,作物熟制以一年一熟为主;玉米、薯类新作物及棉花新品种、罂粟的引入及推广,丰富了关中地区的作物结构,向多熟制发展。种植制度的变化与乾隆时期,以杨\~、杨秀沅等为代表的农学家对关中地区传统的精耕细作技术进行总结、提升并发挥尽致不无关系。在影响关中地区农业土地利用诸因素中,人口数量是影响耕地数量的最主要因素；地理环境及农田水利建设决定着耕地的质量；社会稳定性、政府的农业及赋税政策与土地利用的稳定性密切相关;农业生产技术对土地利用的效率影响较大；土地利用的效率又与关中地区精耕细作技术的普及范围及程度相关。其中,人口数量与社会环境是否安定、自然灾害的严重程度、政府赋税的征收办法及赋税的高低等高度相关；人口数量、耕地质量、生产技术、风俗习惯等因素共同决定着三百余年间关中地区农业土地利用的强度和广度。
[Abstract]:This study is an important part of the Loess Plateau since 1368 on land utilization. Through research on agricultural land utilization in Guanzhong area from 1644 to 1949, to provide support for the research on land use in the Loess Plateau. Specifically, this study aims to clarify the amount of land cultivation period in Guanzhong area, process quality and its change, and the impact of related the change of the driving factors. Based on literature, the Qing Dynasty agricultural book, Shaanxi local chronicles, the local chronicles and memorials, records and other information, including the effects of 1644 natural and cultural factors of agricultural land use in Guanzhong area in 1949: natural resources, human resources, the number and type of land, irrigation and water conservancy construction farming system. Among them, the data for the first time using the archives of the Republic of China. This paper based on natural resources in Guanzhong area during the study period, agricultural resources, population, Natural disasters and social status of the restoration, the background of the construction of agricultural land use in Guanzhong area, the number and type of Guanzhong area of cultivated land on the basis of the preliminary discussion, some methods for determining the quality of cultivated land in Guanzhong area in Qing Dynasty; Guanzhong area is located in the semi-arid area, farmland water conservancy construction and no influence on efficiency of agricultural land use in large therefore, in this paper, the farmland water conservancy project in the study period in Guanzhong area was also investigated; after the foundation conditions, human centered farming system, including crop planting system, nourishing system and agricultural land use are closely related, in the study period in Guanzhong area of farming system were investigated in this paper, trying to recover from 1644 to 1949 in crop structure change process. The research is almost blank of agricultural land utilization in Guanzhong area during the period of the Republic of Partial recovery, with particular attention to large-scale afforestation activities in Guanzhong area initiated by the government of the Republic of China. Based on the above problems, the following conclusions: 1644 - 1949, agricultural land utilization in Guanzhong area to farming as the main way. If the land use scale theory, can be three hundred years of land use history is divided into five stages: first, from 1644 to 1700s, in a large number of abandoned land restoration cultivated stage; second, 1700 - 1860s, to expand the scope of land use in Land Reclamation Based on stage; third, 1862 - 1878 war famine caused by large-scale land again abandoned stage; fourth, 1878 and 1920s land use slow recovery period; fifth, 1920 - 1949, the land use scale continues to recover, the modern agriculture factor into the stage. If according to the cropping system can be divided, Qianlong Dynasty Is divided into two stages, mainly for the Qianlong Dynasty before the crop structure of traditional crops of wheat, millet, beans and other crops cooked in one crop a year; corn, potato new crops and new varieties of cotton, poppy introduction and promotion of rich crop structure in Guanzhong area, to the development of multi cropping system change of cropping system and Qianlong period, in Yang, Yang Xiuyuan as the representative of the agronomist of Guanzhong area traditional intensive and meticulous farming techniques are summarized, and enhance the display sends are not unrelated. In Guanzhong area of agricultural land use factors, population quantity is the main factors influencing the quantity of cultivated land and farmland geographical environment; water conservancy construction determines the quality of arable land; the social stability, the government and the agricultural tax policy and land use stability is closely related to the agricultural production technology; greater impact on the efficiency of land use; land use The efficiency and the popularity of technology intensive and meticulous farming in Guanzhong area of the scope and extent. Among them, the population and the social environment is stable, the severity of natural disasters, government taxes and taxes to the level of a high degree of correlation; population, cultivated land quality, production technology, customs and other factors together determine more than 300 years of agriculture in Guanzhong area land use intensity and breadth.

【学位授予单位】：陕西师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：F329

【参考文献】