颗粒混悬液辐射特性参数测量方法研究
发布时间：2019-06-20 03:51
【摘要】：颗粒态材料可以弥散在气体、液体及固体中,从而形成气溶胶、颗粒混悬液及固体复合材料。以微纳米流体及生物细胞混悬液为代表的颗粒混悬液在太阳能利用、微藻能源、生物检测等方面有重要应用。颗粒混悬液的辐射特性参数是进行相关热辐射传输分析及光场分析的基础物性参数。颗粒混悬液的辐射特性参数可以通过电磁理论及实验测量方法进行研究,但由于颗粒形貌及颗粒内部结构的复杂性和不确定性,理论研究方法很难为工程问题提供准确数据。在实验研究方面,由于粒子间的多重散射效应、盛装容器折射率与液体介质折射率不相同引起的多重界面反射效应以及粒子散射与界面反射的耦合作用,使得颗粒混悬液辐射特性的准确测量面临诸多困难。目前,颗粒混悬液辐射特性参数的精确测量方法还有待进一步研究。本文针对颗粒混悬液辐射特性的精确测量方法开展研究,通过分析影响混悬液辐射特性测量准确性的因素,发展颗粒混悬液体系,包括窗口材料、基液及颗粒辐射特性的精确测量方法,并搭建实验系统对典型颗粒混悬液体系的辐射特性参数进行实验研究。主要工作包括:作为颗粒混悬液测试器皿的窗口材料的工作波段一般要求有高透过率,现有方法难以精确测得弱吸收波段高透窗口材料的光学常数,而其光学常数的精确性会直接影响到颗粒混悬液辐射特性的测量精度。本文提出一种新的测量高透窗口材料光学常数的双光程透射与椭偏联合法,此方法克服了两种方法各自的缺点。当材料吸收非常弱时,椭偏法不能精确获得其光学常数;双光程透射法适用于测量弱吸收材料的光学常数,但是对于反演得到折射指数和吸收指数存在两组不同的解,其中只有一组是正解。在双光程透射与椭偏联合法中,椭偏法测量高透窗口材料的光学常数作为双光程透射法反演计算中的初始值,此方式可确保该方法获得正确解。用氟化钡材料来验证双光程透射与椭偏联合法,结果证实该方法可以获得可靠和高精度的高透窗口材料光学常数。应用该方法测量获得了高透波段氟化钡、氟化钙、氟化镁、硒化锌和硫化锌五种窗口材料不同温度下的光学常数。颗粒混悬液的基液一般是弱吸收介质,获得基液的光学常数是进一步分析颗粒辐射特性的重要参数。因对计算模型进行简化,现有测量方法难以精确获得其数值。本文建立玻璃-液体介质-玻璃三层介质模型,充分考虑了三层介质间多次透射及反射的影响,提出一种能够测量弱吸收波段液体介质光学常数的改进双光程透射法。以水为验证介质,通过对其折射指数和吸收指数的测量数据分析,实验结果说明该方法在所测波段范围内可以得到较高精度的结果。将提出的方法应用于NaCl溶液及食用油在可见光及近红外波段的光学常数的研究。对不同浓度的NaCl溶液的光学常数的测量及分析表明,NaCl溶液的吸收指数在低吸收波段内随着NaCl浓度的增加而增加,但在高吸收波段其吸收指数没有明显的变化。不同种类植物油吸收指数在低吸收波段存在较显著差别,因此对吸收指数的分析可用于植物油种类的辨别。颗粒混悬液光谱衰减系数的传统测量方法中所使用的光学模型并没有充分考虑空气/器皿和液体/器皿界面引起的介质内高阶透射及反射过程,而高阶项引起的误差会随着两相邻界面折射指数差值的增加而增大。通过对传统测量方法所使用的光学模型存在的问题进行深入分析,本文给出一种测量粒子混悬液光谱衰减特性的改进透射法,并与传统透射法的性能进行了对比分析,同时讨论了颗粒前向散射对光谱衰减特性测量的影响。改进透射法使用了更准确的光学模型,充分考虑了容器及介质界面引起的高阶透射项,因而与传统透射法相比具有更高的测量精度。传统透射法的测量精度随着混悬液光学厚度的减小而降低,此时由介质界面的多次反射引起的高阶透射项不能忽略。使用已知光学常数和粒径分布的二氧化硅标准粒子进行实验验证可知,由改进透射法测量得到的光谱衰减特性数据与LorenzMie理论计算值吻合很好,对不同粒径颗粒的混悬液光谱衰减系数的测量均具有较高精度。该方法可以有效应用于微纳米颗粒混悬液,如纳米流体的光谱衰减特性的测量。微藻细胞混悬液为一种典型的生物颗粒混悬液,能源微藻的辐射特性参数是求解光生物反应器辐射强度分布进而进行局部光照环境分析的必要参数。本文对一种淡水微藻(淡水小球藻)和三种海生微藻(海生拟球藻、椭球藻和杜氏盐藻)及培养基在紫外、可见光和近红外波段的辐射特性进行了实验研究。在所研究波段范围内四种微藻的衰减截面随着波长增大而减小,且测得的光谱衰减截面不依赖于藻细胞浓度。海生拟球藻、椭球藻和杜氏盐藻混悬液的衰减系数在300~1350 nm波段随微藻浓度的增加而增大,但在1350~1800 nm波段则没有明显的变化。由于现有非浸入式测量方法常常忽略器皿/样本与器皿/空气界面产生的多次反射的影响,因此颗粒混悬液散射相函数往往难以准确测量。本文给出了一种可方便获得粒子混悬液散射相函数的测量方法,该方法可消除测量器皿的影响。通过测量已知光学常数和粒径分布的标准粒子散射光强分布,并与Lorenz-Mie理论值对比得到每个散射角度的修正系数,将此系数去修正其它待测量粒子混悬液的散射相函数。用该修正系数修正已知光学常数和粒径分布的聚苯乙烯标准粒子可知,经修正后其散射相函数实验测量值与Lorenz-Mie理论值吻合较好。结果表明此方法可明显提高粒子散射相函数的测量精度。
[Abstract]:The particulate material may be dispersed in a gas, a liquid, and a solid to form an aerosol, a particle suspension, and a solid composite. The particle suspension represented by the micro-nano fluid and the biological cell suspension has important application in the aspects of solar energy utilization, micro-algae energy, biological detection and the like. The radiation characteristic parameters of the particle suspension are the basic physical parameters of the correlation heat radiation transmission analysis and the light field analysis. The radiation characteristic parameters of the particle suspension can be studied by the electromagnetic theory and the experimental measurement method, but due to the particle morphology and the complexity and uncertainty of the internal structure of the particles, the theoretical research method is difficult to provide accurate data for engineering problems. In the aspect of experimental research, due to the multiple scattering effect between the particles, the refractive index of the container and the refractive index of the liquid medium are not the same, and the coupling effect of the particle scattering and the interface reflection is different, so that the accurate measurement of the radiation characteristics of the particle suspension faces many difficulties. At present, the method for precise measurement of the radiation characteristic parameters of the particle suspension is to be further studied. In this paper, an accurate measurement method for the radiation characteristics of the particle suspension is carried out. By analyzing the factors affecting the accuracy of the measurement of the radiation characteristics of the suspension, the particle suspension liquid system is developed, including the measuring method of the window material, the base liquid and the particle radiation characteristic. The radiation characteristic parameters of a typical particle suspension liquid system were experimentally studied. the main work comprises that the working band of the window material serving as a particle suspension test vessel is generally required to have a high transmittance, and the prior method is difficult to accurately measure the optical constant of the high-permeability window material of the weak absorption band, And the accuracy of its optical constants will directly affect the accuracy of the measurement of the radiation characteristics of the particle suspension. In this paper, a new two-path transmission and ellipsometry method for measuring the optical constants of high-permeability window materials is proposed, which overcomes the disadvantages of the two methods. When the material absorption is very weak, the ellipsometry can not get its optical constant accurately; the two-path transmission method is suitable for measuring the optical constant of the weak absorbing material, but there are two groups of different solutions to the inversion to obtain the refractive index and the absorption index, and only one group is positive solution. In the method of double-optical path transmission and ellipsometry, the optical constant of the high-permeability window material is measured by the ellipsometry as the initial value in the inversion calculation of the double-optical path transmission method, and the method can ensure that the method can obtain the correct solution. The method of double optical path transmission and ellipsometry is verified by using the material of fluoride, and the results show that the method can obtain the optical constants of high-transparent window material with high reliability and high precision. The optical constants of five kinds of window materials with high permeability, such as calcium fluoride, calcium fluoride, magnesium fluoride, zinc selenide and zinc sulfide, were measured by this method. The base liquid of the particle suspension is generally a weak absorption medium, and the optical constant of the obtained base liquid is an important parameter for further analyzing the radiation characteristics of the particles. As a result of the simplification of the calculation model, the existing measurement method is difficult to obtain the numerical value accurately. In this paper, a glass-liquid medium-glass three-layer medium model is established, and the influence of multiple transmission and reflection among the three-layer medium is fully considered, and an improved double-optical path transmission method capable of measuring the optical constant of the liquid medium in the weak absorption band is proposed. Based on the data analysis of the refractive index and the absorption index of the medium, the experimental results show that the method can obtain the results with higher accuracy in the range of the measured wave band. The proposed method is applied to the study of the optical constants of NaCl solution and edible oil in the visible and near-infrared bands. The measurement and analysis of the optical constants of NaCl solution with different concentration showed that the absorption index of NaCl solution increased with the increase of NaCl concentration in the low absorption band, but there was no significant change in the absorption index of the high absorption band. The different kinds of vegetable oil absorption index have a significant difference in the low absorption band, so the analysis of the absorption index can be used for the identification of the vegetable oil species. the optical model used in the conventional measuring method of the spectral attenuation coefficient of the particle suspension does not take full account of the high-order transmission and reflection process in the medium caused by the air/ vessel and the liquid/ vessel interface, And the error caused by the high-order term increases with the increase of the refractive index difference of the two adjacent interfaces. Through in-depth analysis of the problems of the optical model used in the traditional measuring method, this paper presents an improved transmission method for measuring the spectral attenuation characteristic of the particle suspension, and compared with the traditional transmission method. The influence of the forward scattering of the particles on the measurement of the spectral attenuation characteristics is also discussed. The improved transmission method uses a more accurate optical model, and the high-order transmission term caused by the interface of the container and the medium is fully taken into account, so that the improved transmission method has higher measurement accuracy compared with the conventional transmission method. The measurement accuracy of the traditional transmission method decreases with the decrease of the optical thickness of the suspension, and the high-order transmission term caused by multiple reflection of the medium interface cannot be ignored. The experimental results show that the spectral attenuation characteristic data obtained by the improved transmission method is in good agreement with that of the LorenzMie theory, and the measurement of the spectral attenuation coefficient of the suspension of different particle size particles has high accuracy. The method can be used for the measurement of the spectral attenuation characteristics of a micro-nano-particle suspension, such as a nanofluid. The micro-algae cell suspension is a typical biological particle suspension, and the radiation characteristic parameter of the energy micro-algae is the necessary parameter to solve the radiation intensity distribution of the photobioreactor and to analyze the local illumination environment. In this paper, the radiation characteristics of a kind of freshwater microalgae (freshwater chlorella) and three kinds of marine microalgae (Haematococcus pluvialis, ellipsoidal and Dunaliella sp.) and the culture medium in the ultraviolet, visible and near-infrared bands have been studied. The attenuation cross-section of the four micro-algae in the range of the studied band decreases with the increase of the wavelength, and the measured spectral attenuation cross-section does not depend on the cell concentration of the algae. The attenuation coefficient of the suspension of Haematococcus pluvialis, the ellipsoidal and the Dunaliella salina increases with the increase of the concentration of the micro-algae in the wavelength band of 300-1350 nm, but there is no significant change in the wavelength band of 1350-1800 nm. Since the prior non-immersion measurement method often ignores the effects of multiple reflections generated by the vessel/ sample and the vessel/ air interface, the particle suspension scattering phase function is often difficult to measure accurately. This paper presents a method for measuring the scattering phase function of a particle suspension, which can eliminate the influence of the measuring vessel. The scattering phase function of the suspension of the particle to be measured is corrected by measuring the intensity distribution of scattered light of the standard particles with known optical constants and particle size distribution, and comparing with the theoretical value of Lorenz-Mie to obtain the correction coefficient of each scattering angle. The modified coefficient is used to correct the known optical constants and the particle size distribution of the polystyrene standard particles. The experimental results of the modified scattering phase function agree well with the theoretical value of Lorenz-Mie. The results show that the method can obviously improve the measurement accuracy of the particle scattering phase function.
【学位授予单位】：哈尔滨工业大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：TB303
[Abstract]:The particulate material may be dispersed in a gas, a liquid, and a solid to form an aerosol, a particle suspension, and a solid composite. The particle suspension represented by the micro-nano fluid and the biological cell suspension has important application in the aspects of solar energy utilization, micro-algae energy, biological detection and the like. The radiation characteristic parameters of the particle suspension are the basic physical parameters of the correlation heat radiation transmission analysis and the light field analysis. The radiation characteristic parameters of the particle suspension can be studied by the electromagnetic theory and the experimental measurement method, but due to the particle morphology and the complexity and uncertainty of the internal structure of the particles, the theoretical research method is difficult to provide accurate data for engineering problems. In the aspect of experimental research, due to the multiple scattering effect between the particles, the refractive index of the container and the refractive index of the liquid medium are not the same, and the coupling effect of the particle scattering and the interface reflection is different, so that the accurate measurement of the radiation characteristics of the particle suspension faces many difficulties. At present, the method for precise measurement of the radiation characteristic parameters of the particle suspension is to be further studied. In this paper, an accurate measurement method for the radiation characteristics of the particle suspension is carried out. By analyzing the factors affecting the accuracy of the measurement of the radiation characteristics of the suspension, the particle suspension liquid system is developed, including the measuring method of the window material, the base liquid and the particle radiation characteristic. The radiation characteristic parameters of a typical particle suspension liquid system were experimentally studied. the main work comprises that the working band of the window material serving as a particle suspension test vessel is generally required to have a high transmittance, and the prior method is difficult to accurately measure the optical constant of the high-permeability window material of the weak absorption band, And the accuracy of its optical constants will directly affect the accuracy of the measurement of the radiation characteristics of the particle suspension. In this paper, a new two-path transmission and ellipsometry method for measuring the optical constants of high-permeability window materials is proposed, which overcomes the disadvantages of the two methods. When the material absorption is very weak, the ellipsometry can not get its optical constant accurately; the two-path transmission method is suitable for measuring the optical constant of the weak absorbing material, but there are two groups of different solutions to the inversion to obtain the refractive index and the absorption index, and only one group is positive solution. In the method of double-optical path transmission and ellipsometry, the optical constant of the high-permeability window material is measured by the ellipsometry as the initial value in the inversion calculation of the double-optical path transmission method, and the method can ensure that the method can obtain the correct solution. The method of double optical path transmission and ellipsometry is verified by using the material of fluoride, and the results show that the method can obtain the optical constants of high-transparent window material with high reliability and high precision. The optical constants of five kinds of window materials with high permeability, such as calcium fluoride, calcium fluoride, magnesium fluoride, zinc selenide and zinc sulfide, were measured by this method. The base liquid of the particle suspension is generally a weak absorption medium, and the optical constant of the obtained base liquid is an important parameter for further analyzing the radiation characteristics of the particles. As a result of the simplification of the calculation model, the existing measurement method is difficult to obtain the numerical value accurately. In this paper, a glass-liquid medium-glass three-layer medium model is established, and the influence of multiple transmission and reflection among the three-layer medium is fully considered, and an improved double-optical path transmission method capable of measuring the optical constant of the liquid medium in the weak absorption band is proposed. Based on the data analysis of the refractive index and the absorption index of the medium, the experimental results show that the method can obtain the results with higher accuracy in the range of the measured wave band. The proposed method is applied to the study of the optical constants of NaCl solution and edible oil in the visible and near-infrared bands. The measurement and analysis of the optical constants of NaCl solution with different concentration showed that the absorption index of NaCl solution increased with the increase of NaCl concentration in the low absorption band, but there was no significant change in the absorption index of the high absorption band. The different kinds of vegetable oil absorption index have a significant difference in the low absorption band, so the analysis of the absorption index can be used for the identification of the vegetable oil species. the optical model used in the conventional measuring method of the spectral attenuation coefficient of the particle suspension does not take full account of the high-order transmission and reflection process in the medium caused by the air/ vessel and the liquid/ vessel interface, And the error caused by the high-order term increases with the increase of the refractive index difference of the two adjacent interfaces. Through in-depth analysis of the problems of the optical model used in the traditional measuring method, this paper presents an improved transmission method for measuring the spectral attenuation characteristic of the particle suspension, and compared with the traditional transmission method. The influence of the forward scattering of the particles on the measurement of the spectral attenuation characteristics is also discussed. The improved transmission method uses a more accurate optical model, and the high-order transmission term caused by the interface of the container and the medium is fully taken into account, so that the improved transmission method has higher measurement accuracy compared with the conventional transmission method. The measurement accuracy of the traditional transmission method decreases with the decrease of the optical thickness of the suspension, and the high-order transmission term caused by multiple reflection of the medium interface cannot be ignored. The experimental results show that the spectral attenuation characteristic data obtained by the improved transmission method is in good agreement with that of the LorenzMie theory, and the measurement of the spectral attenuation coefficient of the suspension of different particle size particles has high accuracy. The method can be used for the measurement of the spectral attenuation characteristics of a micro-nano-particle suspension, such as a nanofluid. The micro-algae cell suspension is a typical biological particle suspension, and the radiation characteristic parameter of the energy micro-algae is the necessary parameter to solve the radiation intensity distribution of the photobioreactor and to analyze the local illumination environment. In this paper, the radiation characteristics of a kind of freshwater microalgae (freshwater chlorella) and three kinds of marine microalgae (Haematococcus pluvialis, ellipsoidal and Dunaliella sp.) and the culture medium in the ultraviolet, visible and near-infrared bands have been studied. The attenuation cross-section of the four micro-algae in the range of the studied band decreases with the increase of the wavelength, and the measured spectral attenuation cross-section does not depend on the cell concentration of the algae. The attenuation coefficient of the suspension of Haematococcus pluvialis, the ellipsoidal and the Dunaliella salina increases with the increase of the concentration of the micro-algae in the wavelength band of 300-1350 nm, but there is no significant change in the wavelength band of 1350-1800 nm. Since the prior non-immersion measurement method often ignores the effects of multiple reflections generated by the vessel/ sample and the vessel/ air interface, the particle suspension scattering phase function is often difficult to measure accurately. This paper presents a method for measuring the scattering phase function of a particle suspension, which can eliminate the influence of the measuring vessel. The scattering phase function of the suspension of the particle to be measured is corrected by measuring the intensity distribution of scattered light of the standard particles with known optical constants and particle size distribution, and comparing with the theoretical value of Lorenz-Mie to obtain the correction coefficient of each scattering angle. The modified coefficient is used to correct the known optical constants and the particle size distribution of the polystyrene standard particles. The experimental results of the modified scattering phase function agree well with the theoretical value of Lorenz-Mie. The results show that the method can obviously improve the measurement accuracy of the particle scattering phase function.
【学位授予单位】：哈尔滨工业大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：TB303
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