适用于WSN的无线收发机芯片关键技术研究

发布时间：2018-01-20 21:58

  本文关键词： WSN 无线收发机 OOK PLL 安全 侵入式、半侵入式物理攻击 PUF　出处：《华中科技大学》2015年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：无线传感器网络(Wireless Sensor Network,WSN)用于采集、处理和传输处于网络覆盖区域内的温度、湿度、压力、光照强度以及气流速度等多种环境数据,它具有布网灵活、使用时间长、隐蔽性强以及容错性高等特点,目前已经广泛应用于医疗健康、农业环境、智能家居和智能建筑、火灾救援、军事以及海洋监测等领域。由于其网络节点资源受限并长时间暴露在外部环境中,无线传感器网络仍然面临着成本、功耗和安全的问题。为了降低WSN的成本和功耗,本文分别在体系结构和具体电路上对WSN的无线收发机芯片进行优化研究;为了提升WSN的安全性,本文还对无线收发机芯片的物理安全防护措施展开了研究。首先,在体系结构上,提出了一种新型的低中频通断键控(On/Off Keying,OOK)调制无线收发机结构,其核心思想是同时在模拟域和数字域对低中频信号进行滤波:首先对放大后的中频信号进行阈值比较,并放大至轨到轨数字信号,以实现模拟域的阈值比较滤波;然后数字基带解调电路对该数字信号进行数字域的脉冲计数滤波。该接收结构能够提升接收机的抗噪声性能,所要求的基带输入信号信噪比小于6 dB,且无需自动增益控制电路,基带解调电路也较为简单,因而总的功耗和面积均较小。对接收误码率的理论分析和MATLAB仿真验证了该收发机结构的有效性。其次,在具体电路上,为了降低无线收发机的成本,首先研究了无片上电感的射频前端电路,包括无电感宽带低噪放大器(Low Noise Amplifier,LNA)、键合线电感功率放大器(Power Amplifier,PA)以及基于环形振荡器的锁相环(Phase Locked Loop,PLL)电路;同时,提出了一种只有10个MOS晶体管构成的线性电压-电流转换器,以进一步降低PLL的面积。该电压-电流线性转换器结构简单,不包含运算放大器和电阻,面积仅为2200μm2;然后,采用多个片上低压差线性稳压源对各个电路模块进行分电源供电,以减小片外器件的使用。而为了降低无线收发机的功耗,首先,对收发机进行电源管理,及时关闭无需工作的电路模块。其次,针对PLL中功耗较大的高速预分频器,提出了只有5条NMOS-like支路构成的2/3预分频器,该新型2/3预分频器在降低功耗的同时,还能获得较宽的工作频率范围,由其构成的16/17预分频器工作频率范围扩展至0.5~8 GHz,最大电流消耗仅为0.8 mA。然后,设计了工作在中低频范围的镜像抑制滤波器、硬判决电路、基准电源电路以及基带解调器电路。由于无电感宽带LNA没有镜像抑制能力,因此采用了基于Nauto反相器跨导单元的片上复数滤波器对镜像干扰信号进行抑制;同时,采用带失调消除功能的硬判决电路对滤波后的中频信号进行放大和阈值滤波;而基准电源包括电源管理、带隙基准电压源、数字类和模拟类低压差线性稳压源和参考电压产生电路等,用于为整个芯片提供不随工艺、温度和电压变化的稳定的电源和偏置电压。为了将数字中频信号转换为有用接收信号,还基于脉冲计数理论提出了适合该新型OOK收发机的数字基带解调器。最后,基于开关电容物理不可克隆函数(Physical Uncolonable Function,PUF)对无线收发机芯片进行了防外部侵入式和半侵入式攻击研究:首先提出一种基于PUF和高级加密标准(Advanced Encryption Standard,AES)密码算法的无线收发机安全体系结构,以对无线传感器节点进行物理层保护;然后,提出了一种基于开关电容的PUF电路,用于为AES密码算法提供稳定的、统计性良好的密钥;同时,利用开关电容PUF的容性敏感特性并结合随机复位技术对无线收发机芯片进行了防外部侵入式和半侵入式攻击设计。与现有芯片安全防护技术相比,该安全防护措施具有更高、更稳定的防外部侵入式攻击灵敏度,其所能检测的由外部攻击引起的容值变化为2.65 fF。仿真结果表明,本文提出的新型OOK无线收发机能够正确进行数据的发送和接收,其芯片面积小于2.8 mm2,发射机和接收机的电流消耗分别低至7.6 mA和7.06 mA,同时实现了低成本和低功耗。测试结果表明,本文提出的芯片安全性防护措施能够有效防止外部侵入式攻击,并最终能够实现WSN数据的安全传输。研究成果对无线收发机低成本、低功耗设计以及芯片物理安全防护设计的发展有积极的理论和实践意义。
[Abstract]:Wireless sensor network (Wireless Sensor Network, WSN) for acquisition, processing and transmission in the network within the coverage area of the temperature, humidity, pressure, light intensity and air velocity and other environmental data, it has a flexible layout, long service time, strong concealment and characteristics of higher fault tolerance, it has been widely used in medical treatment health, agricultural environment, intelligent Home Furnishing and intelligent building, fire rescue, military and marine monitoring. Due to the network resource constrained nodes and long time exposure to the external environment, the wireless sensor network is still faced with the cost, power consumption and safety problems. In order to reduce the cost and power consumption of WSN, are discussed in this paper and the specific the circuit architecture of wireless transceiver chip WSN to optimize the study; in order to enhance the safety of WSN, this paper also wireless transceiver chip physical security measures The study. First, in architecture, proposed a new low frequency on-off keying (On/Off Keying OOK) modulation wireless transceiver structure, its core idea is also to filter low frequency signals in the analog and digital domains: firstly, the intermediate frequency signal is amplified compared to the threshold, and amplification to rail to rail digital signal to achieve the analog domain threshold comparison filter; pulse counting filter and digital baseband demodulation circuit of the digital domain of the digital signal. The receiver can improve the anti noise performance of the receiver, the required baseband input signal to noise ratio is less than 6 dB, and without the automatic gain control circuit, baseband demodulation circuit is simple, and the total power consumption and area were small. The receiver BER theoretical analysis and MATLAB simulation results verify the validity of the transceiver structure. Secondly, in the specific circuit, in order to To reduce the cost of wireless transceiver, first studied the RF front-end circuit without on-chip inductor, including non inductance broadband low noise amplifier (Low Noise, Amplifier, LNA), bond wire inductance of the power amplifier (Power Amplifier, PA) and based on the phase-locked loop ring oscillator (Phase Locked, Loop, PLL) circuit; at the same time, put forward a linear voltage of only 10 MOS transistors - current converter, to further reduce the area of PLL. The linear voltage current converter has the advantages of simple structure, does not contain the operational amplifier and resistor, the area is only 2200 m2; then, using multiple on-chip low dropout linear regulator for each circuit module of in order to use the power supply, reducing scrap external devices. In order to reduce the power consumption, the first wireless transceiver, power management of transceiver, closed circuit module without the need to work in a timely manner. Secondly, according to the PLL power consumption The high speed prescaler, proposed 2/3 prescaler only 5 NMOS-like branch, the new 2/3 prescaler in reducing power consumption at the same time, but also get a wide frequency range, which is composed of the 16/17 prescaler working frequency range is extended to 0.5~8 GHz, the maximum current consumption is only 0.8 mA. then, image reject filter is designed to work in low frequency range, hard decision circuit, reference power circuit and baseband demodulator circuit. The inductance of broadband LNA mirror inhibition ability, so the suppression of image interference signal Nauto single chip inverter transconductance element based on complex filter; at the same time, amplification and threshold filter of intermediate frequency signal after filtering the hard decision circuit with offset cancellation function; while the benchmark power includes power management, bandgap voltage reference, digital and analog low dropout line Of the voltage source and reference voltage generation circuit, used for the entire chip provided with process, temperature and voltage variations of stable power supply and bias voltage. In order to convert digital signal for receiving signals, digital baseband demodulator is proposed for the new OOK transceiver based on the theory of pulse counting. Finally, switch capacitor physical unclonable functions (based on Physical Uncolonable Function, PUF) of the wireless transceiver chip to carry out the anti invasive and semi invasive external research attack: first proposed a PUF and based on the advanced encryption standard (Advanced Encryption Standard AES) wireless transceiver architecture of security of cryptographic algorithms, for physical layer protection for wireless sensor node; then, proposed a PUF based switched capacitor circuit, to provide a stable AES algorithm, statistical good key; at the same time, Using capacitive sensing characteristics of switched capacitor PUF and the wireless transceiver chip to prevent external invasive and invasive design with random reduction technology. Compared with the existing chip security protection technology, the safety protection measures has a higher and more stable against external intrusion attack sensitivity, it can detect caused by external attack capacitance value change is 2.65 fF.. The simulation results show that the new OOK wireless transceiver is proposed in this paper can correctly send and receive the data, the chip area is less than 2.8 mm2, the current consumption of the transmitter and receiver are as low as 7.6 mA and 7.06 mA, while achieving a low cost and low power consumption. The test results show that chip, safety protection measures are proposed in this paper can effectively prevent outside intrusion attack, and ultimately to achieve the security of WSN data transmission. The research results of low cost wireless transceiver There are positive theoretical and practical significance in the development of low power design and the development of chip physical security protection design.

【学位授予单位】：华中科技大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：TN859;TN402
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本文编号：1449541