探地雷达和遥感联合的地下考古目标探测方法研究

发布时间：2018-02-28 17:07

本文关键词： 探地雷达遥感考古钻探文化遗产无损探测　出处：《中国科学院大学(中国科学院遥感与数字地球研究所)》2017年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：近年来,随着空间信息技术的发展,空间考古学逐渐建立发展起来,文化遗址的无损探测是其重要的研究内容。地球物理勘探、遥感(RS)、激光雷达(LiDAR)等无损探测技术被越来越多地应用到文化遗址探测当中,为考古探查提供了强有力的技术支持。由于能对地下考古目标进行连续、高分辨率的精细成像,探地雷达(Ground Penetrating Radar)可以很好地弥补遥感考古探测深度有限和空间分辨率不足的缺点;反过来,遥感的广阔视野可以为探地雷达考古探测提供靶区。因此将遥感和探地雷达相结合是文化遗址无损探测领域的重要发展趋势。但是,遥感和探地雷达都无法提供地下土层、考古目标体的直接信息,因此需要考古钻探等直接探测方式提供最后验证。本文针对探地雷达地下考古目标探测及其与遥感的联合考古探测中的若干问题开展研究,主要研究内容与结论包括:1.不同几何特征的考古目标体在探地雷达图像上的响应特征研究在模拟探测实验及实地考古探测中,选取了不同几何特征的考古目标作为探测对象,分析总结了不同几何特征的考古目标体在探地雷达图像上的响应规律,并从理论上给出了解释。根据地下考古目标体的几何尺寸相对于探地雷达天线波束宽度的大小,可以将其分别看作点状、线状、面状目标体。如果考古目标体的几何尺寸远小于雷达天线波束宽度,则可将其看作点状体,其典型异常反应为双曲线形;如果目标体的几何尺度远大于天线的波束宽度,则可以将其视为面状体,其在雷达图上经常表现为层状纹理,而面状体两侧边缘的异常则会表现为双曲线的半支;如果相对于天线的波束宽度,目标体的长轴尺度很大而短轴尺度较小或相当,则可将其看作线状目标体,线状目标体在雷达图像上有时表现为双曲线异常,有时则表现为一种整体性的层状异常,其响应模式是介于点状体和面状体的过渡形态。2.探索介质含水量与考古目标体埋深和材质对探地雷达探测效果的影响。本文设计实施了考古目标体模拟探测实验,并选取了不同环境背景下的考古遗存作为探测研究区,以此来检验不同的考古目标体埋深、材质与介质水含量对探地雷达探测效果的影响。结果表明:土壤水含量的增高会导致探地雷达探测深度的降低,同时会导致考古目标体引起的双曲线异常的离心率越小,即双曲线的开口变小,尖峰更明显;考古目标体埋深越大,则其双曲线异常的实轴越长,双曲线的开口越大,尖峰越不明显,极端情况下会是双曲线异常趋于直线;雷达反射波的能量与考古目标体和周围介质的相对介电常数的大小有关,二者的相对介电常数差异越大,雷达反射波的能量就越强,尤其是金属考古目标体,它通常会在探地雷达图像上引起强烈的异常信号。3.遥感、探地雷达和传统侵入性考古勘探联合的考古调查模式采用了遥感、探地雷达和考古钻探的联合探测模式对龙城遗址进行考古调查。实践初步表明这种联合探测模式能取得优势互补的效果,在大型城址的考古探测效果和效率上取得了很好的平衡。其工作模式如下:1)考古目标体的遥感解译、提取遥感的主要任务是探测出地下考古遗存的潜在区域,得到疑似考古遗存的空间分布图,从而为探地雷达探测指定靶区。2)探地雷达探测根据疑似考古目标体的空间展布、现场环境等设计探测方案,从探地雷达图像中获取地下目标体的形状、埋深、方位等信息,为考古钻探的方案设计提供基础。3)用探孔、探槽、探方等手段进行最终验证针对探地雷达图像上出现异常的地方进行探孔、探槽、探方探测,获取地下土样,分析土样的颜色、致密程度、包含物等特征,从而对遥感和探地雷达的探测结果进行验证。
[Abstract]:In recent years, with the development of spatial information technology, space archaeology gradually establish development, cultural relics, nondestructive detection is an important research content. Geophysical prospecting, remote sensing (RS), laser radar (LiDAR) and other nondestructive detection technology is increasingly applied to the detection of cultural sites, providing strong technical support for the archaeological exploration. Due to underground remains continuous, fine high resolution, ground penetrating radar (Ground Penetrating Radar) can effectively compensate for the remote sensing archaeology limited probing depth and spatial resolution of the shortcomings; in turn, wide field of remote sensing can provide the target area for GPR detection. So the remote sensing archaeology and the combination of ground penetrating radar is an important developing trend of cultural relics in the field of nondestructive detection. However, remote sensing and GPR are unable to provide the underground soil layer, archaeological objects Direct information, so we need to provide the direct detection of archaeological drilling etc. finally verified. This paper discusses several issues of GPR detection and remote sensing archaeology and joint archaeological exploration research, the main research contents and conclusions are as follows: 1. different archaeological object geometric features in the study on the response characteristics of radar images in the simulation experiment and field archaeological exploration, selecting the different geometric characteristics of the target detection as archaeological object, analyzed and summarized the archaeological object in different geometric features in the response of radar image, and the theoretical explanation is given. According to the geometry of underground archaeological objects relative to the ground penetrating radar antenna beam width the size can be regarded respectively as point like, linear, planar target. If the target size is much smaller than the archaeological radar antenna beam width And it can be regarded as the typical punctate, abnormal reaction for hyperbolic geometry; if the target scale is far greater than the antenna beam width, it can be regarded as the planar body, the radar map is often shown as layered texture, and abnormal edges on both sides of the body surface shape will be expressed as the hyperbolic half; if compared with the antenna beam width, target of the long axis and short axis large scale to small scale or equivalent, it can be regarded as linear object, linear target on the radar images sometimes expressed as hyperbolic abnormalities, sometimes manifested as layered abnormal a holistic, the response mode transition the morphology of.2. between the body and the body surface point to explore the influence of medium moisture and archaeological objects and depth of material on the ground penetrating radar detection effect. This paper designs and implements the archaeological object modeling detection experiments, and selected different ring Background of archaeological remains as the exploration area, in order to test the archaeological object in different depth. The effect of material and water content of GPR detection results. The results show that the increase of soil water content could induce a decrease of GPR detection depth, at the same time will lead to the target body caused by centrifugal hyperbolic archaeology the abnormal rate is small, the hyperbolic opening becomes smaller, the peak is more obvious; the archaeological objects of the greater depth, the hyperbolic abnormal real axis is longer, the greater the hyperbolic opening, the peak is not obvious, in extreme cases will be double the abnormal curve is linear; relative dielectric constant energy and archaeology the object and the surrounding medium reflected wave is related to the size of the two, the relative dielectric constant of the greater the difference, reflected wave energy is stronger, especially metal archaeological targets, it is usually in the GPR image cited The abnormal signal.3. strong remote sensing, ground penetrating radar and traditional invasive archaeological exploration combined with archaeological survey mode adopts remote sensing probe, combined detection mode of radar and the archaeological survey of archaeological drilling sites. The practice indicated that this city will have a combined detection mode complementary effect, in the large cities of archaeological exploration the effect and efficiency of good balance. The following work: 1) remote sensing archaeological objects, from the main task of remote sensing is to detect potential areas of underground archaeological remains, get the spatial distribution map of suspected archaeological remains, and ground penetrating radar target detection based on the specified.2) space the distribution of archaeological objects suspected of GPR, on-site environmental design detection scheme from the probe gets the object under the radar image of the shape, depth, range and other information, for archaeological drilling Provide the basis for.3 design) by drilling, trenching, exploration party means the final verification for the GPR image on the abnormal place of hole, trench, the detection, acquisition of underground soil, analysis of soil color, dense degree, inclusion and other characteristics, so as to detect remote sensing and GPR results are verified.

【学位授予单位】：中国科学院大学(中国科学院遥感与数字地球研究所)
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：K854;TP79;P631.3

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