沉积物中古DNA在古生态、古环境和古气候研究中的应用

发布时间：2018-04-08 20:28

本文选题：沉积物　切入点：古DNA　出处：《地学前缘》2017年02期

【摘要】：随着分子生物学技术的发展,DNA技术的应用逐渐从生物学研究拓展到进化、环境和气候变化等研究领域。因为DNA容易受到水解、氧化、紫外辐射、酶解等过程的破坏,所以人们认为DNA很容易降解,保存时间不长,但是近年来的研究成果显示,古生物和古人类的化石或骨骼、冻土、湖泊海洋沉积物等样品中包含已保存数千年甚至长达数百万年以来的古DNA。古DNA作为重要的信息载体,可以诠释人类、动植物和微生物进化和迁移过程及它们对环境和气候变化的响应。反过来,古DNA在古环境、古气候重建方面也起着重要作用,沉积物样品的古DNA往往保存了历史时期的水体和水体周围环境以及气候变化等信息。通过对沉积物中古DNA的研究,可以获得历史时期的水生生物(包括藻类、水生动植物等)的群落演化,和水体周围岸基生活的动植物群落(植物落叶、动物毛发冲带到水体并沉积下来)演替,进而反演水体和水体周围气候环境以及气候变化信息。通过研究古人类和动物化石中保存的DNA,可以探讨人类的迁徙和进化过程,溯源家畜的驯化历史。本文将介绍环境古DNA的保存和可靠性评价,重点探讨古DNA在古生态以及古环境、古气候重建研究中的优势及应用,并展望古DNA在生物进化和环境研究等领域的应用前景。
[Abstract]:With the development of molecular biology technology, the application of DNA technology has gradually expanded from biological research to evolutionary, environmental and climate change research fields.Because DNA is vulnerable to hydrolysis, oxidation, ultraviolet radiation, enzymatic hydrolysis and other processes, it is thought that DNA is easily degraded and preserved for a short period of time, but recent studies have shown that fossils or bones of paleontologists and paleohumans, permafrost,Lake marine sediments and other samples contain ancient DNAs that have been preserved for thousands or even millions of years.As an important information carrier, ancient DNA can interpret the evolution and migration of human, animal, plant and microorganism, and their response to environmental and climate change.On the other hand, paleo-#en0# plays an important role in paleoclimate and paleoclimate reconstruction. The paleo-#en1# of sediment samples often preserves the information of water body, its surrounding environment and climate change in historical period.By studying paleo-#en0# in sediments, we can obtain the community evolution of aquatic organisms (including algae, aquatic animals and plants, etc.) during the historical period, and the community of fauna and flora (deciduous plants) living in shoreline around the water body.Animal hair rushed to the water and deposited in the water) succession, and then retrieval of the water body and the surrounding climate environment and climate change information.By studying the DNA preserved in ancient human and animal fossils, the migration and evolution of human beings can be discussed, and the history of domestication of domestic animals can be traced back.In this paper, the preservation and reliability evaluation of paleo-environment DNA are introduced, and the advantages and applications of paleo-#en1# in paleoecology, paleoclimate and paleoclimate reconstruction are discussed, and the application prospect of paleo-#en2# in the field of biological evolution and environmental research is also prospected.
【作者单位】：中国地质大学(北京)生物地质与环境地质国家重点实验室;中国地质大学(武汉)生物地质与环境地质国家重点实验室;
【基金】：国家重点基础研究发展计划“973”项目(2012CB822004) 国家自然科学基金项目(41302022,41422208)
【分类号】：Q91;P531;P532

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