陇西黄土高原史前时期植被状况和林木资源利用方式的环境考古学研究

发布时间：2018-05-27 00:41

本文选题：黄土高原 + 新石器　；参考：《兰州大学》2016年博士论文

【摘要】：新石器社会最重要的经济特征是农业逐渐取代狩猎-采集成为主要的生业方式,古人类更加重视对植物资源的开发和利用。除了大力栽培驯化各类谷物,林木资源也受到先民的重视,成为他们日常生活中主要的薪柴来源和补充性的食物来源。同时,随着农业生产方式的兴起,新石器时期的人口大量增加,人类活动开始对植被景观产生重要影响。黄土高原是我国农业起源中心之一,具有悠久、完备的新石器文化演化序列,自然环境长期受到人类活动的干扰,原生植被几乎被垦殖殆尽,其地质历史时期的植被类型是研究者关心和讨论的核心问题。但长期以来,研究人员对黄土高原地区林地植被的组成、演化认识不足,部分原因是缺乏新石器农业人群对林地资源利用方式的考古学证据。此外,在对黄土高原史前人地关系进行讨论时,缺少高分辨率的代用指标重建古人类的活动强度(古人口),对人地关系的认识不够深入。新石器人群对林地资源的利用或破坏主要包括三个方面:砍伐树木获得薪柴,砍伐(焚烧)森林获得耕地,栽培或驯化果树。本文利用代用指标-木炭大化石-通过以上三个方面,研究陇西黄土高原林地植被组成,以及史前农业人群的林地资源利用方式。首先,基于山那树扎遗址发掘过程中获得的大量木炭化石,研究史前农业人群薪柴收集策略。然后,对庄浪县诸多考古遗址进行考古学调查,采集木炭大化石进行分析,研究中晚全新世该区域林地植被演化过程和主要驱动因素,同时获得果树的利用、栽培信息。基于以上认识,并通过累计概率统计方法,对黄土高原过去一万年来人口发展进行重建,深入讨论了人口、气候和农业之间的关系。主要结论如下:1.山那树扎遗址位于黄土高原向青藏高原的过渡地带。木炭分析结果显示出典型的山地植被特征。以松属和云杉属等针叶材木炭为主,杨属、柳属、栎属和桦木属木炭的含量次之。植被类型包括针叶林、针阔混交林以及河岸阔叶林,植被类型与现代植被类型相似,当时的气候条件类似于或者稍暖于现在的气候条件。对其直径的重建结果则显示90%(基于体积计算)以上的木炭直径均小于10cm。收集较小直径的木材是当时人类有意识的行为,既是对灶的一种适应,也是对当时社会组织的一种反映,是一种节省时间和劳动力的选择。可以肯定的是,木材的大小(直径)而非木材种类是影响该地区木材收集策略的主要因素。这种木材收集策略表明,马家窑文化时期农业人群以收集林下较小直径的倒木、死木,或者折断主干旁生的小枝等为主,而不是砍伐树木。2.庄浪县考古调查获得的木炭分析结果显示,在陇西黄土高原丘陵沟壑区,6000-3000calyrbp时段,植被类型主要是以栎属、榆属、槭木属及桦木科为代表的落叶阔叶林,并存在一定量的竹林,针叶林植被较少。温带与广域性植被和亚热带植被的相对含量变化与区域附近其他自然指标变化相一致,显示林地植被的演化主要受到气候条件的控制。长期农业活动的开展并没有对林地植被产生显著的影响,主要原因可能与黄土本身特性以及旱作农业生产方式特殊的土地利用方式有关。史前农业人群主要在黄土高原塬面上对粟、黍耐旱作物进行栽培,开垦、平整耕地等人类活动并没有对主要分布于沟谷内的林地植被造成显著破坏。相反的,相对于草本植物而言,林地植被是更加稀有又必不可少的能源资源和建筑资源,史前农业人群对林地资源的利用是有计划性和可持续性的。3.果树是陇西黄土高原史前人群利用的食物资源之一,果树类型多种多样。从4000calyrbp之后,李属和苹果亚科木炭出土量显著增加,表现出与区域气候不相符合的变化特征,表明从这个时候起,人类已经在进行果树的栽培和管理活动,考虑到其驯化速度相对于种子作物可能更慢,这些果树的驯化历史可能会更早。果实由于不易于保存,严重的妨碍了研究人员对果树类作物驯化过程的研究。木炭显微构造特征和稳定同位素研究的开展,为我们提供了研究果树栽培、驯化过程的新的思路。4.古人口重建结果显示,黄土高原地区人口发展存在两次扩张阶段和三次波动,第一次扩张发生在7.8calkabp,第二次在5.9calkabp,三次人口波动分别在5.4、4.5和3.7calkabp。从8.5calkabp开始,气候条件的改善和作物的栽培促进了人口的第一次增长,此时狩猎、采集仍是主要的生业方式。农业的发展是促进人口第二次扩张的主要动力,农业取代了狩猎采集成为主导的生业方式,粟取代了黍成为主要的作物品种。气候的波动导致人口数量出现了较大波动。当人口规模达到了土地承载能力的阈值时,人口的发展对气候波动更加敏感。总体而言,史前的农业人群通过栽培谷物类作物和部分果树类作物,保证了食物资源的供应;合理利用木材资源,满足日常生活对于能源的需求。正是通过对自然资源的合理利用,协调了人口、资源与环境之间的关系,实现了黄土高原地区史前社会的可持续发展,形成了灿烂的新石器文化。本论文通过遗址内出土的木炭大化石,对陇西黄土高原林地植被的组成、演化及农业人群对林木资源的利用行为进行研究,重建了一万年来黄土高原古人口的发展过程,为古人地关系的研究提供了新的有价值的信息。
[Abstract]:The most important economic feature of the Neolithic society is that agriculture has gradually replaced hunting, which has become the main way of life, and the ancient human is paying more attention to the development and utilization of plant resources. In addition to cultivating and domesticating all kinds of grain, the forest resources are also taken seriously by the ancestors, and become the main source of firewood and supplementary food in their daily life. At the same time, with the rise of the agricultural production mode, the population of the Neolithic period increased greatly, and the human activity began to have an important influence on the vegetation landscape. The Loess Plateau is one of the centers of agricultural origin in China. It has a long and complete evolutionary sequence of Neolithic culture, the natural environment is disturbed by human activities for a long time, and the primary vegetation is almost the same. The vegetation types in the geological and historical period are the core issues of the researchers' concern and discussion. However, for a long time, the researchers lack the understanding of the composition and evolution of the forest vegetation in the Loess Plateau, in part because of the lack of archaeological evidence for the use of woodland resources by the Neolithic population. In addition, the Loess Plateau is on the Loess Plateau. During the discussion of the prehistoric man and land relationship, there was a lack of high resolution proxy to reconstruct the activity intensity of the ancient human (ancient population), and the understanding of the human land relationship was not deep enough. The utilization or destruction of the forest resources by the Neolithic population mainly included three aspects: cutting trees to get firewood, cutting down (incineration) forest to obtain arable land, and cultivating or domesticating fruit trees. In this paper, using the substitute index - charcoal large fossil - through the above three aspects, the composition of the forest vegetation in the Loess Plateau of Longxi and the use of forest resources in the prehistoric agricultural population are studied. First, a large number of charcoal fossils obtained from the excavation of the site of the mountain tree Liga site are studied. Then, the strategy of collecting firewood for the prehistoric agricultural population is studied. Then, Zhuanglang County Many archaeological sites have conducted archaeological investigations, collected charcoal large fossils, and studied the process of forest vegetation evolution and main driving factors in the middle and late Holocene. At the same time, the use of fruit trees and cultivation information were obtained. Based on the above understanding, the population development of the Loess Plateau in the past ten thousand years was weighed by cumulative probability statistics. The relationship between population, climate and agriculture is discussed in depth. The main conclusions are as follows: the site of the 1. mountain tree ligature site is located in the transition zone of the Loess Plateau to the Qinghai Tibet Plateau. The results of the charcoal analysis show typical features of the mountain vegetation. The wood charcoal of Pinus and spruce is the main charcoal, and the content of poplar, willow, Quercus and birch charcoal is the second. The vegetation types include coniferous forest, coniferous broad-leaved mixed forest and riparian broad-leaved forest. The vegetation types are similar to modern vegetation types. The climate conditions at that time are similar to or slightly warmer to the present climate conditions. The results of the reconstruction of their diameters show that 90% (based on volume calculation) the diameter of the wood carbon is smaller than the 10cm. collection of smaller diameter wood. The conscious behavior of the man at that time was both an adaptation to the focus and a reflection of the social organization at that time. It was a choice to save time and labor. It was certain that the size (diameter) of the wood rather than the species of wood was the main factor affecting the timber collection strategy in this area. During the cultural period, the agricultural population collected the smaller diameter of the trees, dead wood, or the branches next to the main stem, but not the wood charcoal analysis obtained from the archaeological survey in the Zhuanglang County of.2.. The results showed that in the hilly and gully areas of the Longxi Loess Plateau, the main types of vegetation were Quercus, elm, Acer, and the genus Acer in the 6000-3000calyrbp period. And the deciduous broad-leaved forest represented by the birch family, there is a certain amount of bamboo forest, and the coniferous forest vegetation is less. The relative changes in the relative content of the temperate zone and the wide area vegetation and the subtropical vegetation are in accordance with the other natural index changes near the region, which shows that the evolution of the forest vegetation is mainly controlled by the climate conditions. The main reasons for the forest vegetation may be related to the characteristics of the Loess itself and the special land use mode in the way of agricultural production. The prehistoric agricultural population mainly cultivated, cultivated and leveled the cultivated land on the Loess Plateau. In contrast, the forest vegetation is a rare and indispensable energy resource and building resource relative to the herbaceous plants. The use of the prehistoric agricultural population to the woodland resources is a planned and sustainable.3. fruit tree which is one of the food resources used by the people before the history of the Loess Plateau in Longxi, and the type of fruit trees is much more. After 4000calyrbp, the unearthed amount of the charcoal and charcoal of the family plum and apple subfamily has increased significantly, showing a change in the climate that is not consistent with the regional climate. It shows that from this time, human beings have been doing the cultivation and management of fruit trees, considering that the domestication rate of the fruit trees may be slower than that of the seed crops, and the domestication history of these fruit trees can be taken into account. It can be earlier. Because the fruit is not easy to preserve, it seriously hinders the researchers' study on the domestication of fruit tree crops. The characteristics of the charcoal microstructures and the study of stable isotopes provide us with a new idea to study the cultivation of fruit trees and the domestication process. The results of the.4. ancient people's weight construction show that the population development of the Loess Plateau region is developed. In the two expansion stage and three fluctuation, the first expansion occurred in 7.8calkabp, second times in 5.9calkabp, and the three population fluctuations began in 5.4,4.5 and 3.7calkabp. respectively from 8.5calkabp. The improvement of climate conditions and the cultivation of crops promoted the first growth of the population. At this time hunting, collection was still the main way of living. It is the main driving force for the second expansion of the population. Agriculture has replaced hunting acquisition as the dominant way of living. Millet has replaced millet as the main crop. The fluctuation of climate leads to large fluctuations in population. When population size reaches the threshold of land carrying capacity, population development is more sensitive to climate fluctuations. In general, the prehistoric agricultural population ensures the supply of food resources through the cultivation of cereal crops and some fruit trees, and makes rational use of wood resources to meet the demand for energy in daily life. It is through the rational use of natural resources that the relationship between population, resources and the environment is coordinated, and the Loess Plateau region has been realized. The sustainable development of prehistoric society has formed a splendid new stone culture. This paper, through the large fossils of charcoal unearthed in the site, studies the composition and evolution of the woodland vegetation in the Loess Plateau of Longxi and the behavior of the agricultural population on the utilization of forest resources, and reconstructs the development process of the ancient population of the yellow earth plateau for the past ten thousand years, which is a relationship between the ancient people and the land. The research provides new and valuable information.
【学位授予单位】：兰州大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：Q914

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