复杂山地地震采集技术研究

发布时间：2018-06-19 21:36

本文选题：复杂山地 + 地震采集　；参考：《中国石油大学(华东)》2015年硕士论文

【摘要】：近年来,在我国西部和南方的勘探项目中,复杂山地地震采集项目占有越来越高的比例。根据第三次全国油气资源评价分析,我国剩余石油资源主要分布在沙漠、黄土塬、山地以及海域等地区。其中西部地区的前陆盆地冲断带、大型隆起带和大面积地层岩性油气藏以及南方的碳酸盐岩发育区都是我国未来油气勘探的主要领域,具有很大的勘探开发前景。这些勘探区域都具有地表或地下结构非常复杂的特点(即地表高差大、起伏剧烈,岩性变化大;地下高陡构造、逆掩断裂、复杂岩性),使得勘探部署风险增大和勘探难度增大,对地震勘探技术要求很高,迫切需要研究相应的技术来解决这些复杂山地地区所遇到的各种困难。为能够在复杂地表和地下地质条件下获取最佳的地震资料,本文从野外试验资料的综合分析、近地表模型的建立、地震采集激发参数的选择、接收条件的限定、观测系统的优化设计、分析和评价手段等几个角度开展了技术研究,取得了明显的进展。在精细近地表模型建模及激发井深优化方面改进了复杂地表区近地表一致建模技术,开发了相应的方法软件模块,通过多种近地表调查资料的对比解释,建立一致的、精细近地表结构模型,为地震勘探生产提供野外激发井深设计和野外静校正量,为高精度地震数据采集提供更为精确的基础资料。在观测系统优化设计及变观方面,从讨论遥感影像存在几何畸变的原因入手,系统地分析了遥感影像的多种几何精校正算法,从控制点数目、算法复杂性、适用性以及计算机实现的关键技术等几个方面讨论了不同算法、不同控制点数目对遥感影像几何精校正精度和计算速度的影响。进而编写了相应的遥感影像精校正模块,实际应用结果表明基于仿射变换的校正方法能够较好地校正遥感影像,基于该精校正处理后的遥感影像做野外观测系统优化设计和变观,能有效地提高生产时效,节约采集成本。针对地下构造形态的影响造成的地震波场异常与CRP分布不均匀性,开展了基于复杂地表和地质条件下的观测系统CRP属性分析技术,利用高斯射线束正演模拟技术进行正演模拟并计算各个目标层位CRP属性分布情况,通过分析CRP覆盖次数、炮检距、方位角等属性优化、评估三维地震观测系统,研究观测系统对于地下目标层成像的有效性,评价、优选观测系统,降低目标层采集痕迹影响,编写了方法软件模块,与现有采集设计软件互补,完善技术流程。本文基于地质勘探目标将逐点激发井深设计技术、基于遥感影像的观测系统优化设计和变观技术和基于CRP属性分析的观测系统设计及评价方法相结合,形成了合理有效的地震采集设计技术,有效提高了复杂山地地震采集信噪比和连续性,推动了地震勘探技术的发展。
[Abstract]:In recent years, in the exploration projects in the west and south of China, the complex mountain seismic acquisition projects account for a higher and higher proportion. According to the third evaluation of oil and gas resources in China, the remaining petroleum resources are mainly distributed in desert, loess plateau, mountainous area and sea area. The thrust belt of Foreland basin, large uplift zone and lithologic reservoir in large area and carbonate rock development area in the south of China are the main fields of oil and gas exploration in the future in our country, and have a great prospect of exploration and development. All of these exploration areas are characterized by very complex surface or underground structures (i.e., large surface height differences, sharp fluctuations, large lithologic changes, high and steep underground structures, overthrust faults and complex lithology, which increase the risk of exploration deployment and increase the difficulty of exploration. Because of the high requirement of seismic exploration technology, it is urgent to study the corresponding techniques to solve the difficulties encountered in these complex mountainous areas. In order to obtain the best seismic data under the complex surface and underground geological conditions, this paper analyzes the field test data synthetically, the establishment of near-surface model, the selection of excitation parameters of seismic acquisition, and the limitation of receiving conditions. The technical research on the optimal design, analysis and evaluation of the observation system has been carried out, and obvious progress has been made. In the aspects of fine near-surface model modeling and excitation depth optimization, the consistent modeling technology in complex surface area is improved, the corresponding software module is developed, and the consistency is established through the comparison and interpretation of various near-surface survey data. The fine near-surface structure model provides the field excitation depth design and field static correction for seismic exploration and production, and provides more accurate basic data for high-precision seismic data acquisition. In the aspect of optimal design and variable view of observation system, starting with discussing the reason of geometric distortion in remote sensing image, this paper systematically analyzes various geometric precision correction algorithms of remote sensing image. The number of control points and the complexity of the algorithm are analyzed. The effects of different algorithms and the number of control points on the precision and calculation speed of geometric precision correction of remote sensing image are discussed in the aspects of applicability and key technology of computer implementation. The application results show that the correction method based on affine transformation can correct the remote sensing image well. The optimized design and variable view of the field observation system based on the refined corrected remote sensing image can effectively improve the production efficiency and save the acquisition cost. Aiming at the anomaly of seismic wave field and the heterogeneity of CRP distribution caused by the influence of underground structural form, the CRP attribute analysis technique of observation system based on complex surface and geological conditions is developed. The Gao Si beam forward modeling technology is used to simulate and calculate the distribution of Gao Si attributes in each target horizon. By analyzing the optimization of Gao Si coverage times, offset, azimuth and so on, the 3D seismic observation system is evaluated. This paper studies the effectiveness of the observation system for the imaging of the underground target layer, evaluates and selects the observation system, reduces the influence of the collection trace of the target layer, compiles the method software module, complements with the existing acquisition and design software, and perfects the technical flow. Based on geological exploration target, this paper combines point by point excitation depth design technology, observation system optimization design based on remote sensing image and variable observation technology, and observation system design and evaluation method based on CRP attribute analysis. A reasonable and effective seismic acquisition design technology has been formed which can effectively improve the signal-to-noise ratio and continuity of seismic acquisition in complex mountainous areas and promote the development of seismic exploration technology.
【学位授予单位】：中国石油大学(华东)
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：P631.4

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