中国陆壳演化、多块体拼合造山与特色成矿的关系

发布时间：2018-07-05 06:30

本文选题：中国大陆特色成矿系统 + 陆块与造山带组成格局　；参考：《岩石学报》2017年02期

【摘要】：矿产资源的种类、时空分布、形成演化与成岩作用和大地构造格局密切相关。中国地质构造复杂,成矿条件多样(发育裂谷成矿、碰撞成矿、地幔柱成矿、低温成矿等特色成矿系统),矿床类型比较齐全,如大宗矿产(铁、铝、铜、钾盐)短缺,小宗矿产中盛产稀土元素(REE)、钨、锡、钼矿。中国早前寒武纪矿床相对较少,燕山期成矿集中爆发。这种矿产资源分布格局与中国大陆地壳的性质与演化、多块体拼合造山格局之间的内在联系尚待深入揭示。本文基于对中国陆壳演化、陆块与造山带组成格局和多块体拼合造山的系统分析总结,试图阐明中国成矿特色与其内在联系,从陆壳形成与造山带演化的宏观视角来研究中国大陆成矿特色、成矿物质时空分布规律,其特色包括:(1)中国陆壳的地台区与造山带区质量比约3∶7(全球陆壳地台区占69.6%),太古界面积小且支离破碎,地壳固化时间晚且运动频繁强烈,因此难以形成巨型条带状铁建造(BIF)富铁矿床、太古代火山岩块状硫化物型(VMS)铜锌矿带和元古代内克拉通裂谷有关的扎伊尔-赞比亚巨型铜矿。(2)环绕中朝-塔里木和扬子板块的增生造山带由老到新依次形成,并镶接于古板块边缘,使中国大陆逐渐增生扩展,导致火山岩型、与岩浆岩类和沉积岩系有关的大型矿床空间上向板块边缘推移,时间上越来越新,地壳演化成矿作用和矿床类型越来越多样化。(3)中亚成矿域以古生代多陆块拼合造山、中新生代陆内造山与山盆体系构成独特的地质构造格局。既发育增生造山阶段的弧环境相关矿床(蛇绿岩型铬铁矿、斑岩铜矿、VMS),也发育与碰撞造山有关的矿床(造山型金矿、石棉、滑石、白云母)、地幔柱叠置造山带背景下的岩浆铜镍矿和后碰撞陆内岩石圈伸展相关的大陆环境矿床(斑岩钼矿、热液金矿、伟晶岩型稀有金属矿)。(4)青藏高原(特提斯成矿域)系特提斯洋长期增生演化、印度-欧亚大陆碰撞的产物。其成矿条件优越,具有多期成矿作用、多矿种和多类型的复合成矿系统特点。形成了蛇绿岩套型铬铁矿、密西西比河谷型(MVT)铅锌矿和独具特色的碰撞环境超大型斑岩铜钼矿。(5)我国东部环太平洋成矿域,伴随晚中生代克拉通性质的根本转变及岩石圈明显的减薄过程与破坏,在华北克拉通周缘发生大规模的岩浆活动和强烈的金、铜、钼和轻稀土等成矿作用。不同时期的造山带干涉叠加使得南岭地区盛产花岗岩有关的钨、锡、钼矿,具有叠加改造成矿、大器晚成的鲜明成矿特色。由于中国成矿特色与大陆地壳演化密切相关,中国的找矿勘探部署必须立足于中国大陆演化与多块体拼合造山的基本地质事实,方能取得好的勘查效果。中国大陆小陆块拼合造山成矿还存在诸多未解之谜,文末提出了当前成矿学面临的一系列科学问题,对于今后我国找矿战略选区具有借鉴意义。
[Abstract]:The types, temporal and spatial distribution, formation and evolution of mineral resources are closely related to diagenesis and tectonic pattern. The geological structure of China is complex, the metallogenic conditions are various (developed rift mineralization, collisional mineralization, mantle plume mineralization, low temperature mineralization and other characteristic metallogenic systems), and the types of deposits are relatively complete, such as the shortage of bulk minerals (iron, aluminum, copper, potassium salt). Xiaozong mineral rich in rare earth elements (REE), tungsten, tin, molybdenum ore. There were relatively few early Precambrian deposits in China and the Yanshanian metallogenic concentrated eruptions. The relationship between the distribution pattern of mineral resources and the nature and evolution of the continental crust of China and the orogenic pattern of multi-block assemblage remains to be deeply revealed. Based on the systematic analysis and summary of continental crust evolution, composition pattern of continental block and orogenic belt and multi-block assemblage orogeny in China, this paper attempts to clarify the metallogenic characteristics of China and its internal relations. From the macro perspective of continental crust formation and orogenic belt evolution, the metallogenic characteristics and temporal and spatial distribution of ore-forming materials in the Chinese mainland are studied. The characteristics include: (1) the mass ratio of the continental crust in China to the orogenic belt is about 3:7 (69.6% in the global continental crust), the Archaean is small and fragmented, and the crust solidifies late and frequently. Therefore, it is difficult to form a giant strip iron formation (BIF) rich iron deposit. Archean volcanic massive sulphide type (VMS) copper-zinc ore belt and Zairian giant copper ore deposits related to the Proterozoic Necraton rift. (2) the accretionary orogenic belts surrounding the Sino-Korean Tarim and Yangtze plates were formed from old to new, And connected with the paleo-plate margin, the Chinese continent is gradually proliferating and expanding, resulting in volcanic rock type, and the large deposits related to magmatic rocks and sedimentary rock series move spatially to the margin of the plate and become more and more new in time. The metallogeny and deposit types of crustal evolution are becoming more and more diversified. (3) the metallogenic region of Central Asia consists of Paleozoic multi-continental block assemblage orogeny and Meso-Cenozoic intracontinental orogeny and basin system forming a unique geological tectonic framework. Both arc environment related deposits (ophiolite chromite, porphyry copper deposit VMS) and ore deposits related to collision orogeny (orogenic gold deposits, asbestos, talc) are developed in accretive orogenic stage. Muscovite, magmatic copper-nickel deposits in the context of mantle plume superimposed orogenic belts and continental environmental deposits (porphyry molybdenum deposits, hydrothermal gold deposits) associated with the extension of the post-collision continental lithosphere, Pegmatite type rare metal ore). (4) the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (Tethys metallogenic domain) is the product of the long term proliferation and evolution of the Tethys ocean and the collision between India and Eurasia. Its metallogenic conditions are superior, and it has the characteristics of multi-stage mineralization, multi-mineral type and multi-type complex metallogenic system. The ophiolite suite chromite, the Mississippi Valley (MVT) lead-zinc deposit and the unique collision environment super large porphyry copper-molybdenum deposit were formed. (5) the eastern China Pacific Rim metallogenic region. With the fundamental transformation of the properties of the late Mesozoic cratons and the obvious thinning process and destruction of the lithosphere, large-scale magmatic activities and strong mineralization of gold, copper, molybdenum and light rare earth occurred around the North China Craton. The interference superposition of orogenic belt in different periods makes the Nanling area rich in tungsten, tin and molybdenum ore related to granite, which is characterized by superposition and reformation of mineralization and late mineralization. Since the metallogenic characteristics of China are closely related to continental crustal evolution, China's prospecting and exploration deployment must be based on the basic geological facts of continental evolution and multi-block orogeny in order to obtain good exploration results. At the end of this paper, a series of scientific problems in metallogeny are put forward, which can be used as a reference for the future strategic constituency of ore prospecting in China.
【作者单位】：中国科学院矿产资源研究重点实验室中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所;中国科学院青藏高原地球科学卓越创新中心;中国科学院大学;中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所;
【基金】：国家自然科学基金项目(41390444、41272108) 中国科学院学部与国家自然科学基金委员会“大陆成矿学学科发展战略咨询项目” 青藏先导专项(B)(XDB03010303)联合资助
【分类号】：P548;P611

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