人类群体环境适应的古DNA研究进展
发布时间：2018-07-17 07:11
【摘要】：人类(Homo sapiens)起源、迁徙和进化对现代人类遗传多样性具有重要的塑造作用,一直是多学科研究热点.分子遗传学通过现有人群的遗传数据和表型特征来推导、演绎历史事件,提出了"走出非洲完全替换"人类起源模型.在走出非洲迁居世界各地的过程中,不同环境对人类表型和遗传多样性具有重要的选择作用,如人群肤色、身高等外形特征以及乳糖耐受、淀粉代谢、免疫应答和低氧适应等生理特征的表型和遗传多态性演化过程.近年来兴起的人类古DNA研究,通过采集对应事件前、中、后不同时期的古DNA样本,进行全基因组测序,同时系统比较古DNA和现今人群遗传多态性,补充和完善了经典分子遗传学研究结果,可以更全面地分析人类演化历史.基于古基因组研究,学者提出了人类起源的"走出非洲基因渗透"模型,并对上述重要人类表型和遗传多态性的演化史提出了新的证据和观点.本文将对现有人类环境适应的古DNA研究进展进行综述,并据此对自然选择如何塑造人类遗传和表型多态性展开新的讨论,为今后同类研究提供线索.
[Abstract]:The origin, migration and evolution of Homo sapiens play an important role in shaping modern human genetic diversity. Molecular genetics deduces historical events through genetic data and phenotypic characteristics of existing populations, and puts forward a human origin model of "out of Africa completely replaced". In moving out of Africa to live around the world, different environments play an important role in the selection of human phenotypic and genetic diversity, such as skin color, height and other external characteristics, lactose tolerance, starch metabolism, etc. Phenotypic and genetic polymorphism evolution of physiological characteristics such as immune response and hypoxia adaptation. In recent years, the study of human ancient DNA was developed. By collecting samples of ancient DNA from different periods before, during and after the corresponding events, the whole genome was sequenced, and the genetic polymorphisms of ancient DNA and present population were compared systematically. The research results of classical molecular genetics are supplemented and perfected, which can analyze the history of human evolution more comprehensively. Based on the study of paleogenomics, a model of "gene penetration out of Africa" of human origin was proposed, and new evidence and views on the evolutionary history of the above important human phenotypic and genetic polymorphisms were put forward. This paper will review the progress of ancient DNA research on adaptation to human environment, and discuss how natural selection can shape human genetic and phenotypic polymorphism, which will provide clues for similar studies in the future.
【作者单位】： 宁波大学医学院生物化学与分子生物学系;中国科学院昆明动物研究所遗传资源与进化国家重点实验室;宁波大学医学院预防医学系;宁波大学医学院临床医学系;云南大学生物资源保护与利用国家重点实验室;
【基金】：国家自然科学基金(81402747) 浙江省自然科学基金(LQ13C060001) 宁波市自然科学基金(2016A610085)资助
【分类号】：Q981
本文编号：2129545
[Abstract]:The origin, migration and evolution of Homo sapiens play an important role in shaping modern human genetic diversity. Molecular genetics deduces historical events through genetic data and phenotypic characteristics of existing populations, and puts forward a human origin model of "out of Africa completely replaced". In moving out of Africa to live around the world, different environments play an important role in the selection of human phenotypic and genetic diversity, such as skin color, height and other external characteristics, lactose tolerance, starch metabolism, etc. Phenotypic and genetic polymorphism evolution of physiological characteristics such as immune response and hypoxia adaptation. In recent years, the study of human ancient DNA was developed. By collecting samples of ancient DNA from different periods before, during and after the corresponding events, the whole genome was sequenced, and the genetic polymorphisms of ancient DNA and present population were compared systematically. The research results of classical molecular genetics are supplemented and perfected, which can analyze the history of human evolution more comprehensively. Based on the study of paleogenomics, a model of "gene penetration out of Africa" of human origin was proposed, and new evidence and views on the evolutionary history of the above important human phenotypic and genetic polymorphisms were put forward. This paper will review the progress of ancient DNA research on adaptation to human environment, and discuss how natural selection can shape human genetic and phenotypic polymorphism, which will provide clues for similar studies in the future.
【作者单位】： 宁波大学医学院生物化学与分子生物学系;中国科学院昆明动物研究所遗传资源与进化国家重点实验室;宁波大学医学院预防医学系;宁波大学医学院临床医学系;云南大学生物资源保护与利用国家重点实验室;
【基金】：国家自然科学基金(81402747) 浙江省自然科学基金(LQ13C060001) 宁波市自然科学基金(2016A610085)资助
【分类号】：Q981
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