美国高平原农业发展对地下水资源的影响及启示
发布时间：2018-08-09 15:41
【摘要】：全球范围内的高强度灌溉农业已经造成了严重的地下水危机,威胁农业生态系统和经济社会的可持续运行。在中国北方农耕区,依靠地下水支撑的农业系统正面临严重的水资源问题,其中以华北平原最为严重。美国高平原在近60年中依靠消耗地下水支撑农业生产,小麦、玉米的生产总量分别增加了2倍和10倍,这些农业上的成就却以累积消耗地下水约3 360亿m3为代价,并降低了农业系统应对极端干旱事件的能力。1980年以后,高平原北部地区依靠良好的地下水补给条件并通过地下水的禁采限采、推广喷灌技术等措施降低了地下水的消耗速率。然而由于高平原中、南部地下水采补依然失衡而导致地下水资源持续减少;北部地区在地下水保护的同时却未能有效减少农田的氮肥施用水平,导致地下水浅埋区比较严重的地下水污染。因此,在当下华北平原及我国北方地下水灌溉区大力治理地下水超采问题的实践中,必须与农业面源污染的控制和治理相向而行、质量兼顾、综合统筹。
[Abstract]:High intensity irrigated agriculture in the world has caused serious groundwater crisis and threatened the sustainable operation of agro-ecosystem and economic society. The agricultural system supported by groundwater is facing serious water resources problems in the northern farming area of China, especially in the North China Plain. In the past 60 years, the high plains of the United States have relied on groundwater consumption to support agricultural production. The total production of wheat and corn has increased by 2 and 10 times respectively, but these agricultural achievements have been achieved at the cost of cumulative consumption of about 336 billion m3 of groundwater. The ability of agricultural system to cope with extreme drought events was reduced after 1980. After 1980, the consumption rate of groundwater was reduced in the northern part of the high plain by means of good groundwater recharge conditions, limited exploitation of groundwater and popularization of sprinkler irrigation technology. However, in the high plains, groundwater resources in the south are still out of balance, which leads to the continuous decrease of groundwater resources; while the groundwater conservation in the northern region is not effective in reducing the level of nitrogen fertilizer application in farmland, Lead to serious groundwater pollution in shallow groundwater area. Therefore, in the present practice of controlling groundwater overexploitation in North China Plain and North China's groundwater irrigation area, it is necessary to control and control agricultural non-point source pollution with consideration of quality and overall planning.
【作者单位】： 中国科学院遗传与发育生物学研究所农业资源研究中心农业水资源重点实验室;中国科学院大学;河北省社会科学院河北省生态环境建设研究中心;河北建筑工程学院;Bureau
【基金】：国家自然科学基金项目(41471027) 2015年度河北省社会科学发展研究课题(2015040222) 2015年河北省社会科学院研究课题(2015B004)~~
【分类号】：P641.8
[Abstract]:High intensity irrigated agriculture in the world has caused serious groundwater crisis and threatened the sustainable operation of agro-ecosystem and economic society. The agricultural system supported by groundwater is facing serious water resources problems in the northern farming area of China, especially in the North China Plain. In the past 60 years, the high plains of the United States have relied on groundwater consumption to support agricultural production. The total production of wheat and corn has increased by 2 and 10 times respectively, but these agricultural achievements have been achieved at the cost of cumulative consumption of about 336 billion m3 of groundwater. The ability of agricultural system to cope with extreme drought events was reduced after 1980. After 1980, the consumption rate of groundwater was reduced in the northern part of the high plain by means of good groundwater recharge conditions, limited exploitation of groundwater and popularization of sprinkler irrigation technology. However, in the high plains, groundwater resources in the south are still out of balance, which leads to the continuous decrease of groundwater resources; while the groundwater conservation in the northern region is not effective in reducing the level of nitrogen fertilizer application in farmland, Lead to serious groundwater pollution in shallow groundwater area. Therefore, in the present practice of controlling groundwater overexploitation in North China Plain and North China's groundwater irrigation area, it is necessary to control and control agricultural non-point source pollution with consideration of quality and overall planning.
【作者单位】： 中国科学院遗传与发育生物学研究所农业资源研究中心农业水资源重点实验室;中国科学院大学;河北省社会科学院河北省生态环境建设研究中心;河北建筑工程学院;Bureau
【基金】：国家自然科学基金项目(41471027) 2015年度河北省社会科学发展研究课题(2015040222) 2015年河北省社会科学院研究课题(2015B004)~~
【分类号】：P641.8
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