基于遥感的三门峡库区湿地景观格局变化与驱动力研究

发布时间：2018-01-24 05:37

本文关键词： 湿地景观格局驱动力三门峡库区　出处：《中国地质大学（北京）》2013年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：湿地是介于水体和陆地之间的过渡区域，因其生物多样性丰富而被公认为是地球上最富有的生态系统。然而，地球上的许多湿地生态系统因人类活动及自然要素的影响而发生了严重的退化。因此，湿地研究为人类所关注。三门峡库区湿地是在三门峡水利枢纽不同运行水位和黄河中游特殊的水沙条件下形成类型多样化的湿地生态系统，是区域生物多样性最丰富的区域之一。库区湿地生态系统在调节径流、控制污染、调节气候、保护生物多样性等方面起着重要作用，已成为我国中部地区重要的冬季候鸟栖息地，是黄河中游湿地生态系统的典型代表，对于维持黄河生命健康具有重要作用。然而，由于自然因素和人类活动的影响，库区湿地生态系统发生了较大的变化，如湿地退化、河道萎缩。本论文基于遥感技术和景观生态学理论，对黄河潼关-三门峡库区的湿地景观格局变化进行了系统的分析，探讨库区湿地景观格局变化的驱动力。本研究揭示湿地生态景观格局演变规律、辨识水库运行方式与湿地景观格局之间的关系，识别库区湿地生态景观格局演变的主要驱动力，对于开展湿地生态恢复等方面均具有重要意义。研究结果表明，各类型湿地面积在研究期间发生了较大变化。滩地湿地面积从1980年的174.75km~2减少至2010年的63.39km~2，平均每年损失滩地面积3.71km~2；沼泽湿地从1980年的3.10km~2增加至2000年的7.69km~2，至2010年减少为4.8km~2；而人工湿地由1980年的6.96km~2增加为2010年的15.89km~2，增加了一倍。人工湿地的这种变化趋势说明人类活动对湿地格局的影响在不断加强。景观格局分析表明，各类型湿地斑块数量和斑块密度均发生显着变化。滩地湿地斑块密度呈先增加后减少，，研究期间密度有所增加；人工湿地斑块密度则一直在增大。斑块密度的增加表明湿地变得破碎化，湿地生态系统不断退化。对河道形态格局的分析结果表明，由于受人类活动和泥沙淤积的影响，黄河潼关-三门峡段河道形态处于不断变化之中。研究结果表明，人口增加和经济快速发展可能是研究区湿地景观格局变化的根本原因，人口增长和经济发展刺激土地需求，加快了湿地向非湿地的转化。农业活动是库区滩地湿地面积不断减少、斑块破碎化的重要原因，野外湿地考察结果也证明了这一点。黄河干流上大坝的修筑和三门峡水库调控运行，对湿地景观格局的影响主要体现在对湿地水文条件改变的影响。研究区湿地景观格局变化的自然驱动力主要来自气温和降水，分析显示研究区气温呈不断升高的趋势，而年均降水量呈逐渐下降变化趋势。
[Abstract]:Wetland is a transitional region between water and land. It is recognized as the richest ecosystem on the earth because of its rich biodiversity. Many wetland ecosystems on the earth have been seriously degraded due to the influence of human activities and natural factors. The wetland in Sanmenxia reservoir area is a wetland ecosystem with various types under different operating water levels and special water and sediment conditions in the middle reaches of the Yellow River. Wetland ecosystem plays an important role in regulating runoff, controlling pollution, regulating climate and protecting biodiversity. It has become an important winter migratory bird habitat in the central part of China. It is a typical representative of wetland ecosystem in the middle reaches of the Yellow River and plays an important role in maintaining the life and health of the Yellow River. Because of the influence of natural factors and human activities, the wetland ecosystem in the reservoir area has undergone great changes, such as wetland degradation and river channel atrophy. Based on remote sensing technology and landscape ecology theory, this paper systematically analyzes the changes of wetland landscape pattern in Tongguan-Sanmenxia reservoir area of the Yellow River. This study revealed the evolution law of wetland ecological landscape pattern and identified the relationship between reservoir operation mode and wetland landscape pattern. It is of great significance to identify the main driving forces of wetland ecological landscape pattern evolution in the reservoir area and to carry out wetland ecological restoration. The results show that the wetland area of various types has changed greatly during the study period. The wetland area of the beach has been reduced from 174.75kmm2 in 1980 to 63.39kmm2 in 2010. The average loss area of beach land is 3.71 km / m ~ (2) per year; The swamp wetland increased from 3.10km2 in 1980 to 7.69km2 in 2000, and decreased to 4.8km2 by 2010. However, the constructed wetland increased from 6.96 km2 in 1980 to 15.89 km2 in 2010. The trend of artificial wetland shows that the influence of human activities on wetland pattern is increasing. Landscape pattern analysis showed that the number and density of various types of wetland patches changed significantly. The density of wetland patches increased first and then decreased and increased during the study period. The patch density of constructed wetland is increasing all the time. The increase of patch density indicates that the wetland becomes fragmented and the wetland ecosystem continues to degrade. Due to the influence of human activities and sediment deposition, the channel shape of Tongguan-Sanmenxia section of the Yellow River is constantly changing. The results show that population growth and rapid economic development may be the fundamental reasons for the change of wetland landscape pattern in the study area. Population growth and economic development stimulate land demand. Agricultural activities are an important reason for the continuous reduction of wetland area and fragmentation of patches in beach land in the reservoir area. The construction of the dam on the main stream of the Yellow River and the operation of the Sanmenxia Reservoir are proved by the results of the field wetland survey. The influence on wetland landscape pattern is mainly reflected in the change of wetland hydrological conditions. The natural driving force of wetland landscape pattern change in the study area is mainly from temperature and precipitation. The analysis shows that the air temperature in the study area is increasing and the average annual precipitation is decreasing gradually.
【学位授予单位】：中国地质大学（北京）
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：P901;P237

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