卫星定位技术在赞比亚公路援建工程测量中的应用

发布时间：2018-02-07 13:14

本文关键词： 卫星定位系统 GPS拟合高程参考椭球投影方式精度分析　出处：《吉林大学》2014年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：一向有着“世界原材料库”之称的非洲，是具有丰富资源的大陆板块，全球50多种最重要矿产其中，非洲至少就有17种，而且蕴藏量居全球之首。中非经济具有很强的互补性,非洲国家希望通过开发资源积累资金，促进自身经济发展。非洲也同我国世代友好，经济文化交流密切，中国经济发展了，会带动世代友好的非洲兄弟国家，中国企业“走出去”是中国自身经济可持续发展的需要，中国企业“走出去”又可以为其他发展中国家带去实实在在的发展成果。越来越多的工程在非洲大地进行，那么测量是工程的开展先驱，让非洲国家分享中国测绘技术成果，让中国越来越多先进地理信息平台技术可以在非洲开展。尤其是最近几年来中国“走出去”政策的开展，更多的中国人去往非洲大地，更多的项目在非洲大地进行。随着工程测量的任务越来越多，有必要对非洲测量熟悉和掌握[1]。随着美国GPS、俄罗斯GLONASS、欧盟Galileo、中国北斗系统的全面建设和发展,卫星的定位精度已经可以满足高精度测量需求[4]。本文是来源于对非援建，取材于非洲赞比亚首都改建市政路网工程实践，工程测量贯穿了道路改建工程的始终。为顺利开展工作，首先必须弄清赞比亚国家坐标系统的有关参数，收集整合相关的其国家控制资料，进而从实际出发制定高效率的作业计划[1]，以保证工程质量，并且提高工作效率。本文论述了非洲赞比亚测量系统大地基准、参考椭球、投影方式等主要特点，利用卫星定位测量大地点已经获得很高的精度并广泛运用于各种工程中；从工作实际出发，提出了非洲工程测量的应对方法，分析了坐标系统建立、作业方法、星历预报、控制布网原则、内业处理、精度分析，RTK的使用方法，手持GPS参数计算和设置方法和应对措施；通过高程归化和高斯正形投影的距离改化、全站仪测距边长与GPS反算边长对比验证了此次非洲工程坐标系统使用的准确性，探讨了卫星定位系统拟合高程代替等外水准高程的可行性；卫星定位技术在非洲控制测量中减轻了野外测量人员的劳动强度，提高了内外业工作效率，而且获取了更高精度的成果[1]，从而获得卫星定位技术要构成几何网形和避开不利时段等体会，对在非洲开展测绘工作提供经验案例。卫星定位系统在国内工程应用已经非常普及，国家鼓励开拓国际市场。本文题材来源于中国对非洲道路援建的项目，论述了以卫星定位为技术手段在非洲大地测量的经验以及应对方法，通过赞比亚卢萨卡市路网改造项目实践[11]，获得了一些心得体会，为以后中国人再去非洲做工程提供了案例经验。本文主要研究内容及成果如下： 1、概述了赞比亚地理位置、气候，路网等情况，分析了收集已有的测量资料和利用情况； 2、分析了非洲大地基准、参考椭球、投影方式等主要特点，通过收集各种资料，阐述了赞比亚卢萨卡市的坐标系特点，获得了南半球UTM投影，球面基准采用ARC1950，椭球体使用克拉克1880，，中央子午线为东经27°等重要大地测量参数； 3、从工作实际出发，利用卫星定位仪器测量进行大地测量，通过星历预报避开不利时段，首级控制网要构成几何网形，从而卫星定位技术才能够获得很高的精度，论述了RTK在当地使用注意事项和手持GPS的五个参数如何求得。进而为市政路网改建工程顺利开展提供重要的基础数据，并可以广泛运用于非洲各类工程中； 4、进行了高程归化和高斯正形投影的距离改化、全站仪测距边长与GPS反算边长对比验证了此次非洲工程坐标系统的准确性，达到城市测量每公里长度变形小于2.5Cm的要求，保证了高精度测量的要求； 5、探讨了卫星定位系统拟合高程代替等外水准高程的可行性，通过做过的四等水准控制点和拟合高程对比，分析了拟合高程的稳定性，可以达到等外水准测量的要求； 6、展望了中国在非洲大地使用国内先进技术开展测绘工程的前景，随着中国北斗的出台，基于GNSS的四星定位技术已经成为非洲更多工程使用的可能，非洲也有着广阔的地理信息测绘的市场。
[Abstract]:There has been "world raw materials" said Africa is resource rich continent, the most important one of the world's 50 kinds of mineral resources, Africa at least 17, and reserves ranking first in the world. In the non economic and highly complementary, African countries hope to develop resource accumulation funds to promote their economic development. In Africa, but also with our friendship for generations, close economic and cultural exchanges, Chinese economic development, will promote the friendship for generations of African brothers, China enterprises to "go out" is needed to China its sustainable economic development, China enterprises to "go out" and for other developing countries to bring tangible development results. In more and more engineering land in Africa, then the measurement is project pioneer, let African countries share Chinese surveying and mapping technology, more and more advanced geographic information for Chinese Ping Taiwan technology can be carried out in Africa. Especially in recent years, China's "going out" policy has been carried out. More Chinese people are going to Africa. More projects are being carried out in Africa. With the increasing number of missions in engineering surveying, it is necessary to know and master [1]. in Africa.
With the American GPS, the Russian GLONASS, European Galileo, the construction and development of a comprehensive Chinese Beidou system, satellite positioning accuracy can meet the demand of high precision measurement of [4]. in this paper is to non reconstruction, based on the African capital of Zambia municipal road network reconstruction project, engineering measurement through the road reconstruction project has to work smoothly. The relevant parameters, find the Zambia national coordinate system must first collect and integrate related to the state control information, and develop high efficiency from the reality of the operation plan [1], to ensure the engineering quality, and improve work efficiency. This paper discusses the measurement system of Africa Zambia geodetic datum, ellipsoid, projection and other major features, the use of satellite positioning measurement locations already obtain high precision and widely used in various engineering work; from the reality, proposed Methods to deal with delta engineering measurement, analyzes the establishment, operation method, ephemeris coordinate system, control network principle, industry processing, precision analysis, using the method of RTK, handheld GPS parameter calculation and setting methods and measures; the elevation of domestication and Gauss conformal projection of the change of the distance, total station location and length GPS inverse length compared to verify the accuracy of the use of the African engineering coordinate system, discusses the feasibility of GPS height fitting for substandard leveling; satellite positioning technology in Africa control measure in reducing the labor intensity of field measurement personnel, improve work efficiency and get inside and outside the industry, the higher accuracy of the results of [1]. In order to obtain satellite positioning technology to constitute of geometric network form and avoid unfavorable period, provide the experience of case to carry out surveying and mapping work in Africa.
Satellite positioning system has been very popular in domestic engineering applications, the State encourages to develop the international market. This paper comes from the subject China reconstruction for African road project, discusses the experience with satellite positioning technology of Geodesy in Africa and the coping methods, through the practice of [11] network reconstruction project in Zambia city of Lusaka, gained some experience, do provides a case for Chinese engineering experience to go to Africa. The main research contents and results of this paper are as follows:
1, the geographical location, climate, road network, and so on in Zambia are summarized, and the existing data and utilization are analyzed.
2, analysis of the African geodetic datum, ellipsoid, projection and other major features, by collecting various data, expounds the characteristics of Zambia coordinate system in Lusaka City, the southern hemisphere UTM projection, spherical reference ellipsoid used by ARC1950, Clark 1880, the central meridians of longitude 27 degrees and other important geodetic parameters;
3, starting from the practice of using geodetic satellite positioning, measuring instrument, the ephemeris to avoid bad time, the primary control network to form a geometric network shape, can obtain high precision and satellite positioning technology, discusses the RTK note and holding the five parameter of GPS and how to obtain locally. The municipal road reconstruction project is carried out smoothly to provide important basic data, and can be widely used in all kinds of projects in africa;
4, the elevation of domestication and Gauss projection distance change, total station location and length GPS inverse length compared to verify the accuracy of the African engineering coordinate system, achieve the city measurement requirement of less than 2.5Cm per kilometer length deformation, to ensure high precision measurement;
5, we discussed the feasibility of the satellite positioning system instead of the outer leveling height, and analyzed the stability of the fitting height by comparing the four level control points and the fitting height.
6, we look forward to the prospect of China's use of advanced technology in Africa to carry out surveying and mapping projects. With the introduction of China's Beidou, the GNSS based four-star positioning technology has become the potential for more engineering projects in Africa. Africa also has vast geographic information mapping market.

【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：U412.2;P228.1

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