长白山植被垂直带地形控制机制研究

发布时间：2018-04-20 15:31

本文选题：长白山 + 垂直带　；参考：《东北师范大学》2014年博士论文

【摘要】：地形是影响山地植被分布的主导因素，控制着小尺度下植被垂直带的分布格局。对地形控制机制进行研究，有助于更好的解释垂直带空间分异规律，深入理解垂直带形成演化机理。数据精度低、缺乏有效分析手段和人为干扰是造成垂直带地形控制机制研究相对滞后的主要瓶颈。本文以受人为干扰少、自然植被保存相对完好的长白山北坡为研究区，选择具有较高空间分辨率的遥感影像和数字高程模型作为基础数据源，依托地理信息系统、遥感、地学信息图谱等技术手段对小尺度下长白山植被垂直带地形控制机制进行了深入探讨。研究从山地植被垂直带遥感提取技术入手，归纳垂直带地形分异规律并进行可视化表达，建立数学模型定量揭示地形对垂直带的作用机制并预估了长白山植被垂直带对全球气候变化的响应。研究得到的主要结论如下：（1）长白山北坡植被垂直带在海拔方向上受水热条件制约呈现明显的更替过渡格局。在水平方向上，，垂直带格局受小尺度因素影响具有高度异质性。各带的宽度、植被镶嵌格局、界线类型不同。岳桦林带最窄。暗针叶林带最宽。岳桦林带与暗针叶林带之间的界线为突变型，其它界线为渐变型。各带界线呈曲线状沿山体坡向由西北向东北逐渐升高。沿水平方向上各带的海拔高度、宽度和形状均有不同程度的变化。树线过渡带变化最大。（2）地形控制着小尺度下植被垂直带在水平方向上的格局变化。不同的地形具有不同的植被组成。在同一海拔范围内，植被格局由地形分布格局和各地形的植被组成共同决定。（3）地形通过对直接生态因子进行再分配而间接控制山地垂直带的水平分布格局。垂直带的水平格局是地形控制下主要生态因子共同作用的结果。坡度主要通过对太阳辐射和土壤水分进行再分配而影响垂直带空间分布格局。坡向主要通过对土壤水分和积雪进行再分配而影响垂直带空间分布格局。坡度和坡向组合在一起，在山体上部形成很多极端生境限制树木向高海拔入侵。在长白山北坡高山带，积雪不足或过多是最常见的极端环境。（4）地形控制着垂直带对全球气候变化的响应。未来某一地形的植被组成比例由上移的垂直带地形控制机制方程、变化后的生态因子和地形再分配作用共同决定。同一海拔不同地形的山地植被会对全球气候变化作出不同响应。并非所有地形的森林百分比都随温度升高而增加。全球变暖能改善与低温相关的极端环境，但也会对某些地形的树木生长产生负作用甚至带来新的极端环境限制。（5）未来全球变暖0.5℃情景下，长白山北坡各海拔的植被组成将发生明显变化，除苔原带外各垂直带均表现出上升趋势，垂直带谱整体向高海拔移动。除了暗针叶林带面积将增加，其它各垂直带面积均减小。红松针阔混交林与暗针叶林过渡带和树线过渡带海拔梯度变窄，面积减小。林线上移，树种限不变。
[Abstract]:Topography is the leading factor affecting the distribution of mountain vegetation, controlling the distribution pattern of the vertical zone of vegetation under small scale. The study of the terrain control mechanism is helpful to better explain the law of vertical spatial differentiation and understand the formation and evolution mechanism of the vertical zone. The data accuracy is low, the lack of effective analysis means and human interference are vertical. The main bottleneck of relative lag is studied with terrain control mechanism. In this paper, the north slope of Changbai Mountain, which has less human interference and relatively intact natural vegetation, is selected as the research area. The remote sensing image and digital elevation model with high spatial resolution are selected as the basic data sources, and the technical hands of geographic information system, remote sensing and geoscience information atlas are supported. The control mechanism of the vertical belt topographic control of Changbai Mountain vegetation in the small scale is discussed in this section. From the remote sensing extraction technology of the vertical belt of the mountain vegetation, the regularity of the vertical zone is summed up and the visual expression is summed up. The mathematical model is established to quantitatively reveal the mechanism of the terrain to the vertical zone and to predict the vertical belt of the vegetation in Changbai Mountain. The main conclusions of the study are as follows:
(1) the vertical belt of the north slope of the northern slope of Changbai Mountain is obviously changed by the water and heat conditions in the direction of altitude. In the horizontal direction, the vertical pattern is highly heterogeneous by the influence of small scale factors. The width of the belt, the pattern of vegetation mosaic, the type of boundary are different. The narrowest of the birch forest belt. The dark coniferous forest belt is the most wide. The boundary between the coniferous forest belts is a mutant, and the other boundary lines are gradually changing. The boundary lines are curved along the slope of the mountain to the north-east gradually. The elevation, width and shape of each belt along the horizontal direction have varying degrees of change. The transition zone of the tree line has the greatest change.
(2) the topography controls the pattern change in the horizontal direction of the vegetation vertical zone under the small scale. The different terrain has different vegetation composition. In the same altitude, the vegetation pattern is determined by the distribution pattern of topographic distribution and the vegetation composition of each terrain.
(3) the horizontal distribution pattern of the vertical belt is controlled indirectly by the redistribution of the direct ecological factors in the terrain. The horizontal pattern of the vertical zone is the result of the common effect of the main ecological factors under the control of terrain. The slope mainly affects the vertical spatial distribution pattern by redistributing the solar radiation and soil moisture. The slope direction is main. Through the redistribution of soil moisture and snow, the spatial distribution pattern of the vertical zone is affected. The slope and slope combination, forming a lot of extreme habitats on the upper part of the mountain, restrict the invasion of trees to high altitude. In the alpine zone on the northern slope of Changbai Mountain, the lack of snow or too much is the most common extreme end environment.
(4) the terrain controls the response of the vertical belt to the global climate change. The proportion of the vegetation composition of a certain terrain is determined by the upper moving vertical belt topographic control mechanism equation, the changing ecological factor and the redistribution of the terrain. The mountain vegetation at the same altitude and different terrain will make different responses to global climate change. The percentage of forests in the terrain increases as the temperature rises. Global warming can improve the extreme environment associated with low temperature, but it can also produce negative effects on the growth of trees in some terrain and even bring new extreme environmental restrictions.
(5) under the situation of global warming at 0.5, the vegetation composition of the northern slope of Changbai Mountain will change obviously. All vertical belts except the tundra belt all show a rising trend. The vertical band is moving to the high altitude. Except the area of the dark needle Ye Lin belt, the area of the other vertical belts will be reduced. The mixed forest of Pinus koraiensis and the dark needle Ye Lin The transition belt and tree line transition zone narrowed with altitude gradient, and the area decreased.

【学位授予单位】：东北师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：Q948.3;P208

【参考文献】