SAR图像高精度定位技术研究

发布时间：2018-06-05 00:46

本文选题：合成孔径雷达 + 图像　；参考：《解放军信息工程大学》2013年博士论文

【摘要】：近年来我国社会、经济平稳快速发展，对基础地理信息的现势性和精度需求不断提高。SAR（Synthetic Aperture Radar，合成孔径雷达）图像定位与三维信息提取是获取基础地理信息的重要技术途径之一，具有全天时、全天候、高精度等突出优势。但在SAR图像定位与三维信息提取中仍存在诸多技术难题。为了提高我国SAR图像的定位精度和三维信息提取能力，本文重点对立体SAR图像定位、单幅SAR图像无控制定位、多基线/MIMO（MultipleInput Multiple Output，多输入多输出）InSAR（Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar，干涉合成孔径雷达）图像定位与三维信息提取、SAR图像匹配等问题进行研究，采用高分辨率机载SAR图像进行了大量实验。论文完成的主要工作和创新点有： 1．全面梳理了SAR图像定位与三维信息提取技术的研究现状，剖析了制约SAR图像三维信息提取实用化的主要问题，结合对SAR图像几何特性与辐射特性的分析，辨析了相干斑与噪声、图像分辨率与像元采样间隔等易混淆的概念，，论述了SAR图像几何构像模型，介绍了立体SAR图像定位、单幅SAR图像定位、干涉SAR图像定位与三维信息提取的基本原理。 2．针对高分辨率机载斜侧视立体SAR图像，设计了标定近距延迟和多普勒频移参数的R-D（Range-Doppler，距离-多普勒）模型高精度定位方案，克服了定向参数求解难题，实现了1米量级误差的机载SAR图像立体定位。 3．提出了DEM（Digital Elevation Model，数字高程模型）辅助的单幅SAR图像无控制斜侧视定位方案。该方案通过DEM仿真SAR图像，并将仿真SAR图像与实际斜侧视SAR图像进行匹配来提取控制点，采用斜侧视R-D模型计算出定向参数后，在DEM的支持下完成单幅SAR图像的定位。针对仿真SAR图像与实际SAR图像的匹配问题，研究了分别以仿真SAR图像、实际SAR图像作为匹配基准的两种匹配策略，在实验分析基础上，得出了以仿真SAR图像作为匹配基准效果较好的结论。采用高分辨率机载SAR图像，利用SRTM（Shuttle Radar Topography Mission，航天飞机雷达地形测绘任务）DEM或地球模型方程进行了一系列单幅SAR图像定位实验，统计分析了各种单像SAR定位方法的定位误差，验证了所提出方法的有效性。 4．提出了差分滤波MIMO InSAR图像定位与三维信息提取方案。利用DEM，完成了直接法和间接法干涉图仿真，并采用仿真的不同基线干涉图进行了单基线InSAR定位与三维信息提取实验，验证了短基线InSAR精度低、可解性强，长基线InSAR精度高、可解性差的特点；设计了差分滤波多基线InSAR定位与三维信息提取方案和中国余数定理多基线InSAR定位与三维信息提取方案，采用仿真数据进行了实验，验证了多基线InSAR高精度、高可解性的优势；提出了差分滤波MIMO InSAR定位与三维信息提取方案，由最低频干涉图开始进行滤波和相位解缠，并依次对较高频干涉图进行差分、滤波和相位解缠处理，从而完成高精度的高程信息反演。采用仿真的MIMO InSAR干涉图进行了干涉处理实验，验证了方案的可行性。 5．针对SAR图像间相对几何畸变和辐射畸变较大的问题，提出了利用POS（Positionand Orientation System，定位定姿系统）和SRTM DEM数据进行点位预测的机载SAR图像多视双向自动匹配方法。该方法利用POS和SRTM DEM数据进行点位预测，并采用强度影像或其线特征增强影像，进行机载SAR图像的多视双向自动匹配。采用多种不同分辨率的机载SAR图像进行匹配实验，得到了较好的匹配效果。 6．集成了立体SAR图像定位、单幅SAR图像定位、干涉SAR图像定位与三维信息提取、SAR图像匹配等研究成果，构建了SAR图像定位与三维信息提取试验软件系统，采用中国测绘科学研究院获取的机载SAR图像和仿真SAR图像进行了大量定位、三维信息提取和匹配实验，验证了论文研究成果的正确性和有效性。在SAR图像高精度定位与三维信息提取方面取得的研究成果，将提高我国SAR图像的定位精度，促进我国SAR图像三维信息提取技术的发展和SAR技术在地形测绘中的应用。
[Abstract]:In recent years, China's society has been developing steadily and rapidly, and the demand for the potential and precision of basic geographic information has been improved continuously..SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar, synthetic aperture radar) image location and 3D information extraction is one of the important technical ways to obtain basic geographic information, which has outstanding advantages such as all weather, all-weather, high precision and so on. There are still many technical problems in SAR image location and 3D information extraction. In order to improve the positioning accuracy of SAR images and the ability of 3D information extraction, this paper focuses on stereoscopic SAR image positioning, single SAR image without control positioning, multi baseline /MIMO (MultipleInput Multiple Output, multiple input multiple output) InSAR (Interferometric Synth). Etic Aperture Radar, interferometric synthetic aperture radar) image location and 3D information extraction, SAR image matching and other problems are studied. A large number of experiments are carried out with high resolution airborne SAR images. The main work and innovation of this paper are as follows:
1. the research status of SAR image location and 3D information extraction is combed. The main problems that restrict the practical application of 3D information extraction in SAR images are analyzed. The concepts of speckle and noise, image resolution and the interval of image element are confused with the analysis of the geometric and radiation characteristics of SAR images, and SAR is discussed. Image geometric modeling, the basic principles of stereo SAR image location, single SAR image location, interference SAR image location and 3D information extraction are introduced.
2. for high resolution airborne skew stereoscopic SAR images, a high precision positioning scheme is designed to calibrate the R-D (Range-Doppler, distance Doppler) model of the close range delay and Doppler shift parameters, which overcomes the problem of solving the directional parameters and realizes the stereoscopic positioning of the airborne SAR image with an error of 1 meters.
3. the DEM (Digital Elevation Model, digital elevation model) assisted single SAR image non control oblique side view location scheme is proposed. This scheme uses DEM to simulate the SAR image, and extracts the simulation SAR image from the actual skew side view SAR image to extract the control points. After the skew side view R-D model is used to calculate the directional parameters, it is finished under the support of DEM. In order to locate the single SAR image, in view of the matching between the simulated SAR image and the actual SAR image, the two matching strategies are studied, which simulate the SAR image and the actual SAR image as the matching datum. On the basis of the experimental analysis, the simulation SAR image is a good result of the matching datum effect. The high resolution airborne SAR image is adopted. A series of single SAR image positioning experiments are carried out by using the SRTM (Shuttle Radar Topography Mission, the space aircraft radar terrain mapping task) DEM or the earth model equation. The positioning error of various single image SAR positioning methods is statistically analyzed, and the validity of the proposed method is verified.
4. the scheme of differential filtering MIMO InSAR image location and 3D information extraction is proposed. Using DEM, the direct and indirect interferogram simulation is completed, and the simulation of different baseline interferograms is used to carry out the single baseline InSAR location and 3D information extraction experiment. It is proved that the short baseline InSAR accuracy is low, the solvability is strong, and the long baseline InSAR precision is high. The characteristics of poor solvability, the scheme of multi baseline InSAR location and 3D information extraction with differential filtering and the multi baseline InSAR location and 3D information extraction scheme of the remainder theorem of China are designed. The simulation data is used to test the advantages of the high precision and high solvability of the multi baseline InSAR, and the difference filtering MIMO InSAR positioning and 3D information are proposed. The information extraction scheme begins with the least frequency interferogram for filtering and phase unwrapping, and performs the difference, filtering and phase unwrapping of the high frequency interferograms in turn, thus completing high precision inversion of the elevation information. The simulation MIMO InSAR interferogram is used to carry out interference processing, and the feasibility of the scheme is verified.
5. in view of the problem of relatively large relative geometric distortion and radiation distortion between SAR images, a multi view and bidirectional automatic matching method for airborne SAR images using POS (Positionand Orientation System, positioning system) and SRTM DEM data is proposed. This method uses POS and SRTM DEM data for point position prediction, and uses intensity images. Or its line feature enhanced image, multi view and two-way automatic matching of airborne SAR images. A variety of different resolution airborne SAR images are used for matching experiments, and better matching results are obtained.
6. integrated the three-dimensional SAR image positioning, single SAR image positioning, interference SAR image location and 3D information extraction, SAR image matching and other research results, the SAR image positioning and 3D information extraction test software system is constructed. The airborne SAR images and the simulated SAR images obtained by the Chinese Academy of Surveying and mapping are located in a large number of locations. The experiments of information extraction and matching verify the correctness and effectiveness of the research results.
The research achievements of high precision positioning and 3D information extraction of SAR images will improve the positioning accuracy of SAR images in China, promote the development of the 3D information extraction technology of SAR images in our country and the application of SAR technology in topographic mapping.
【学位授予单位】：解放军信息工程大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：TN957.52;P225

【参考文献】