基于RS与GIS的上海市生态环境演变研究

发布时间：2018-06-07 12:08

本文选题：RS + GIS　；参考：《东华大学》2013年硕士论文

【摘要】：在快速城市化进程中,剧烈的土地利用/覆被变化造成土地资源利用的不合理,导致了大气污染加剧、热岛效应全球蔓延、世界水环境恶化和生物多样性丧失等生态环境问题。良好的生态环境是国家安定繁荣的基础,与经济发展、城市建设、人民生活密不可分,要解决好诸如水土流失、酸雨、大气环境恶化、洪涝灾害等一系列环境问题,必须要对生态环境有快速准确的认识,才能够对症下药。上海作为我国第一大城市,同时也是国际经济中心、国际金融中心、国际贸易中心和国际航运中心。改革开放后上海发展迅速,城市化建设的领先全国,是中国经济发展最快、人口最密集的城市。但同时,许多生态环境恶化的新问题也随之而来。本研究在结合了国内外研究成果的基础上,基于RS和GIS,从上海市的土地利用/覆被变化入手,以2006年国家监测总站颁布的《生态环境状况评价技术规范(试行)》为基础进行上海市生态环境状况的评价和研究,并根据实际情况,研究上海市的生态环境演变。在土地利用/覆被研究方面,通过ERDAS9.2和ENVI5.0软件对上海市1995年、2000年、2010年三个年份的遥感影像分析、预处理和分类,再运用ArcGIS10绘制上海市1995年、2000年、2010年的土地利用状况图,结合前人研究经验与社会经济统计数据,对上海市土地利用情况进行了包括土地利用结构、土地利用转移矩阵、土地利用变化速度、土地利用程度与土地利用空间变化的多角度研究,以此分析上海市土地利用的发展趋势。生态环境质量与土地利用情况息息相关,在土地利用研究分析的基础上,将土地利用方面的各项信息及数据与相关统计年鉴数据等结合,参考《生态环境状况评价技术规范(试行)》,计算出了上海市1995年、2000年、2010年的生物丰度指数、植被覆盖指数、水网密度指数、环境质量指数以及污染负荷指数,最后计算得出上海市1995年生态环境状况指数EI=52.733,2000年EI=50.148,2010年EI=48.106。上海市1995-2010年间,生态环境状况评价级别属于一般。在1995-2010年的15年间,上海市生态环境状况略有退步,生态环境状况指数有小幅度下降。下降的主要原因是城市的快速发展,使耕地面积快速减少,向以建设用地为主的其他土地利用类型转换。城市发展的同时,各种污染排放逐渐增加。但大量增加的污染排放与生态环境状况指数的基本稳定说明上海市在污染排放控制方面不断地在进步,在绿地、林地建设方面也受到了应有的重视。研究最后结合生态环境状况评价分析了上海市生态安全的现状与调整策略,并针对改善上海市生态环境状况给出了一系列举措建议。
[Abstract]:In the process of rapid urbanization, severe land use / cover change leads to unreasonable land resource utilization, which leads to the worsening of air pollution, the global spread of heat island effect, the deterioration of world water environment and the loss of biodiversity, and so on. A good ecological environment is the basis for the stability and prosperity of the country and is inseparable from economic development, urban construction, and people's livelihood. A series of environmental problems, such as soil and water loss, acid rain, deterioration of the atmospheric environment, and flood and waterlogging disasters, must be solved well. Must have a quick and accurate understanding of the ecological environment to be able to give the right remedy. As the largest city in China, Shanghai is also an international economic center, an international financial center, an international trade center and an international shipping center. Since the reform and opening up, Shanghai has developed rapidly and is the most densely populated city with the fastest economic development in China. But at the same time, many ecological environment deterioration of new problems also followed. On the basis of combining the domestic and foreign research results, this study starts with the land use / cover change in Shanghai based on RS and GIS. Based on the Technical Specification for the Evaluation of Ecological Environment (trial) issued by the National Monitoring Station in 2006, this paper evaluates and studies the status of ecological environment in Shanghai, and according to the actual situation, studies the evolution of ecological environment in Shanghai. In the aspect of land use / cover research, the remote sensing images of Shanghai in 1995, 2000 and 2010 were analyzed, preprocessed and classified by ERDAS9.2 and ENVI5.0 software, and the land use maps of Shanghai in 1995, 2000 and 2010 were plotted by ArcGIS10. Based on the previous research experience and social and economic statistics, the paper analyzes the land use situation in Shanghai, including the land use structure, the land use transfer matrix, the speed of land use change. In order to analyze the development trend of land use in Shanghai, land use degree and land use spatial change are studied from different angles. Ecological environment quality is closely related to land use. On the basis of land use research and analysis, all kinds of land use information and data are combined with relevant statistical yearbook data. The biological abundance index, vegetation cover index, water network density index, environmental quality index and pollution load index of Shanghai in 1995, 2000 and 2010 were calculated. Finally, the index of ecological environment in Shanghai is 52.733 in 1995, 50.148 in 2000 and 48.106 in 2010. Shanghai between 1995-2010, the ecological environment evaluation level belongs to the general. In the 15 years from 1995 to 2010, the ecological environment status of Shanghai has been slightly reduced, and the index of ecological environment condition has declined by a small margin. The main reason for the decline is the rapid development of the city, the rapid reduction of cultivated land area, and the conversion to other land use types mainly for construction land. With the development of the city, all kinds of pollution emissions are gradually increasing. But the increase of pollution emission and the basic stability of ecological environment condition index indicate that Shanghai has been making progress in pollution emission control, and has also received due attention in green land and forest land construction. In the end, the paper analyzes the current situation and adjustment strategy of ecological security in Shanghai, and puts forward a series of measures to improve the ecological environment in Shanghai.
【学位授予单位】：东华大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：X87;P208;X21

【参考文献】