基于RS与GIS技术的胶东半岛典型流域氮、磷营养盐输出模拟

发布时间：2018-06-14 17:26

本文选题：大沽河流域 + 氮、磷、污染　；参考：《江西理工大学》2013年硕士论文

【摘要】：随着社会经济的快速发展和人类活动的强烈影响，流域生态环境问题日益严峻：河道断流、湖泊萎缩、土壤侵蚀以及水污染等现象频发，其中，水污染现象最为突出。尤其是近几十年来，随着工业排污的不断加剧、农施化肥量的逐渐攀升、禽畜养殖业的规模化生产以及过度的土地利用和开发等，导致流域水环境中氮、磷污染现象越来越严重，已威胁到流域生态环境的发展。大沽河是胶东半岛最大的入海河流，每年携带入胶州湾的径流量、泥沙量以及营养盐负荷在所有入胶州湾河流中居首位。大沽河流域属于典型的农业流域，耕地面积大，农施化肥量也相应较大；此外，流域内城镇及农村居民的生活污水、废水以及工业点源排污排废等均加剧了水体氮、磷营养盐污染。因此，对大沽河流域进行水环境营养盐污染估算和评价具有很重要的现实意义。本论文在RS和GIS技术支持下，对AnnAGNPS模型在大沽河流域的适用性进行了验证，并利用验证后的模型模拟了1998~2011年流域径流量和可溶性氮负荷的输出量，比较了不同土地利用结构下可溶性氮负荷的输出量。在此基础上，初步设计了大沽河流域氮、磷营养盐污染负荷控制情景，并探讨了控制营养盐污染的对策。得出的主要结论有： (一)大沽河流域年径流量模拟结果在校准期和验证期的相对误差、相关系数和Nash系数分别为：－16.8%、0.966、0.888和10.13%、0.765、0.554；月径流量校准期和验证期实测与模拟值之间的相对误差、相关系数2和Nash系数分别为：－15.44%、0.655、0.651和10.85%、0.655、0.631，均符合水文模型模拟评价精度要求。月尺度可溶性氮负荷实测值与模拟值之间的三项精度评价指标分别为12.9%、0.983和0.668，表明模型能对大沽河流域可溶性氮营养盐的输出量进行估算。 (二)1998~2011年期间，，通过大沽河流域出水口排入胶州湾的年均径流量为3.38×10~8m~3，总径流量为47.33×10~8m~3；6~9月份为径流量输出的主要时段；径流量与降水量之间存在一定的相关性：降水量越大，径流输出也越大。大沽河流域1998~2011年期间年均可溶性氮负荷的入海通量为4.266×10~3t。可溶性氮负荷的输出量与径流及降水量具有较明显的相关性。大沽河流域南部的可溶性氮、磷负荷量大于流域北部，莱西、莱阳以及胶州等人口居住相对较集中的地区的可溶性氮、磷负荷输出量较大。且流域内耕地地块的可溶性氮负荷输出量最大，居民地次之。 (三)适当减少化肥施用量能有效控制营养盐输出；对坡度大于5°的耕地实施退耕还林并不能显著地降低营养盐的流失和淋溶；合理休耕以及采取秸秆覆盖耕作也不能显著地降低可溶性氮的污染负荷。对于控制流域氮、磷污染，今后一方面应采取科学合理的施肥、耕作等制度，另一方面需制定切实可行的政策法规、加强环保宣传，对流域管理进行长期的科学规划，全面有效推动大沽河流域水环境的治理和保护。
[Abstract]:With the rapid development of the social economy and the strong influence of human activities, the ecological environment problems of the river basin are becoming more and more serious, such as river drainage, Lake atrophy, soil erosion and water pollution, among which water pollution is the most prominent. Especially in recent decades, with the continuous intensification of industrial sewage, the fertilizer amount of agricultural application is increasing gradually. The scale production of livestock breeding and the excessive utilization and development of land have caused the pollution of nitrogen and phosphorus in the water environment of the river basin more and more seriously, which has threatened the development of the ecological environment in the basin.
The Dagu river is the largest river entry River in the Jiaodong peninsula. The runoff, sediment and nutrient load carried into the Jiaozhou Bay are the first in all the rivers in the Gulf of Jiaozhou. The Dagu River Basin belongs to the typical agricultural basin. The cultivated land is large and the fertilizer amount is correspondingly larger. In addition, the sewage of the urban and rural residents in the valley, Waste water and waste discharge from industrial point sources all aggravate the pollution of nitrogen and phosphorus in water. Therefore, it is of great practical significance to estimate and evaluate the pollution of water environment in the Dagu River Basin.
Under the support of RS and GIS technology, the applicability of the AnnAGNPS model in the Dagu River Basin was verified, and the output of the runoff and the soluble nitrogen load in 1998~2011 year was simulated by the verified model, and the output of the soluble nitrogen load under different land use structures was compared. On this basis, the preliminary design was made. The situation of nitrogen and phosphorus pollution load control in Gu River Basin was discussed, and the Countermeasures for controlling nutrient pollution were discussed.
(1) relative errors of the annual runoff simulation results in the Dagu river basin at the school quasi period and the verification period, the correlation coefficient and the Nash coefficient are: 16.8%, 0.966,0.888 and 10.13%, 0.765,0.554, the relative error between the calibration period of the monthly flow rate and the test period and the simulated value, the Relation Number 2 and the Nash coefficient are respectively - 15. 4 4%, 0.655,0.651 And 10.85%, 0.655,0.631, all meet the requirements of the hydrological model simulation evaluation accuracy. The three accuracy evaluation indexes between the measured and simulated values of the monthly scale soluble nitrogen load are 12.9%, 0.983 and 0.668 respectively, indicating that the model can estimate the output of the soluble nitrogen nutrients in the Dagu River Basin.
(two) during the period of 1998~2011, the annual average runoff of the Jiaozhou bay through the outlet of the Dagu River Basin was 3.38 * 10~8m~3, the total runoff was 47.33 x 10~8m~3, and the month of 6~9 was the main period of runoff output; there was a certain correlation between the runoff and the precipitation: the greater the precipitation, the greater the runoff output. The 1998~2011 of the Dagu River Basin. The annual total soluble nitrogen load of the annual total soluble nitrogen load of 4.266 x 10~3t. was significantly correlated with the runoff and precipitation. The soluble nitrogen and phosphorus load in the southern part of the Dagu River Basin was greater than that in the northern part of the river basin, and the soluble nitrogen and phosphorus in the relatively concentrated population in Laixi, Laiyang and Jiaozhou. The output of the load is large, and the output of soluble nitrogen load is the largest in the farmland and the second is in the residential area.
(three) proper reduction of fertilizer application can effectively control the output of nutrient salt; the implementation of returning farmland to forest over 5 degree slope can not significantly reduce the loss of nutrient salt and leaching, and the pollution load of soluble nitrogen can not be significantly reduced by rational repose and straw mulching cultivation. On the other hand, we should adopt scientific and rational fertilization and farming systems. On the other hand, we should formulate practical policies and regulations, strengthen environmental publicity, carry out long-term scientific planning for river basin management, and comprehensively and effectively promote the management and protection of the water environment in the Dagu River Basin.
【学位授予单位】：江西理工大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：X52;P208;X87

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