基于RS与GIS的东营市土地利用生态安全研究

发布时间：2018-08-24 19:50

【摘要】：人类在生存和发展的过程中需要大量的各种各样的资源，其中最为重要的基础资源之一便是土地。日益提高的人类的生活需求及社会经济的快速发展与进步推动着土地利用/覆被状况发生相应的剧烈变化，因而区域生态环境效应也会发生巨大的变化。拥有健康生态功能的土地系统可以充分的保障区域经济社会的稳定与安全，同时健康的土地生态功能与整个国家的经济、政治、国防安全和人民的生存安全密切相关。将土地利用/覆被变化与区域生态安全看做一个有机结合的整体并将其进行整合研究是目前区域生态安全响应研究的主要热点之一。本文依托水利部“黄河三角洲水资源优化配置与适应性管理技术研究”(200801026)”重大公益项目，本文选择黄河三角洲所在的典型市域——东营市为研究区域。东营市处于山东市北部，处于大气、河流、陆地、海洋的交接带上，兼有工业型城市、生态型城市和农业型城市的共同特点，同时也是典型的生态过渡带；特别的，东营市作为黄河三角洲的重要组成部分和黄河入海口的所在地，其生态与环境状况直接关系到整个黄河三角洲地区，，乃至对整个山东省产生巨大影响。因此，东营市的土地利用生态安全研究具有典型的示范意义，因此，研究东营市的土地利用生态安全对研究区的生态建设和可持续发展、以及黄河三角洲高效生态经济的发展有着较大的指导意义。本文收集了1992年、2000年和2010年3期LANDSAT TM/ETM遥感影像、DEM数据、监测数据和部分经济社会统计数据，系统分析了东营市的生态环境特点，通过“面向对象的遥感影像分类+人机交互目视解译”的方法得到了东营市近20年来的3期土地利用/覆被变化图，监测了20年来的研究区土地变化趋势并定性定量分析了东营市土地利用变化驱动力、土地利用程度、生态系统服务功能、土地利用风险程度等土地利用基本情况的时空变化，并且，参考国内外的研究成果，建立基于了“压力-状态-响应”的土地生态安全评价指标层次结构模型，构建了土地生态安全评价数据库，利用层次分析法和Gis中的图层叠加分析方法进行组合赋权，利用综合评分法数学模型，以30m×30m栅格为评价单元，对研究区的土地生态安全状况进行现状评价。本文的主要研究结论如下： 1.在深入分析研究区各种数据资料及实地野外调研的基础上，总结了研究区的土地利用生态环境特点：自然条件的多样性、迅猛的人口增长及城镇化进城、城市发展战略等因子的深深的影响着东营市土地利用结构的变化。 2.1992-2010年东营市各类用地面积所占的比重变化较大，耕地是主要土地利用类型，面积最小的是林地。20年间研究区土地利用结构变化总体上表现为建筑工矿用地的扩展明显，且主要占用其周边耕地；但与此同时，有较大面积的草地、未利用地被开垦为耕地，因此监测期内耕地在数量上保持相对稳定；盐田虾塘对未利用地、滩涂等类型占用较多；水域在分布上部分自然坑塘因人类活动消失的同时，有较多水库水面建成，因此总面积略有上升；林地面积略有上升。不同县（市、区）的各地类面积及变化存在较大的的差别。研究区的生态服务价值及土地利用风险程度成加速恶化趋势，湿地面积的减少对研究区生态环境恶化值起到至关重要的作用。 3.2010年东营市土地利用生态安全由北向南成递减趋势，土地利用安全程度排名为：河口区垦利县利津县东营区广饶县。这种现象主要是因为东营市北部土地利用类型多样，且自然湿地资源丰富，既有森林、草地、湖泊等自然湿地，建立了面积广大的自然保护区，也有大量盐田虾塘、水库等生态服务功能价值高、土地利用风险小的人工地类，由中部的黄河三角州冲击平原及黄河作为生态屏障，靠近北部渤海湾，污染代谢较快，因而黄河北部区的土地生态系统较健康；主要由于东营市南部亦是黄河南部，此地区由于土地利用类型较之北部地区较为简单，经济发达，以大面积的工农业生产为主，建筑工矿用地及耕地遍布，生态脆弱性高，加之自然条件恶劣，气候极为干燥，灌溉面积及水网密度较小，因此生态安全状况较东营市北部地区明显差。研究区南部和北部的差异也符合东营市的主要的自北向南逐渐由湿润沿海区过渡到内陆平原干旱区的自然地域分异规律及自北向南经济日益发达的人文社会分异规律。
[Abstract]:In the process of human survival and development, a large number of various resources are needed, one of the most important basic resources is land. Increasing demand for human life and the rapid development and progress of social economy promote the corresponding drastic changes in land use/cover conditions, so the regional ecological environment effects will also be. Great changes have taken place. The land system with healthy ecological functions can fully guarantee the stability and security of regional economy and society. At the same time, the healthy ecological functions of land are closely related to the economic, political, national defense security and people's survival security of the whole country. It is one of the main research hotspots of regional ecological security response to study the integration and integration of machine-based integration.
In this paper, relying on the major public welfare project of the Ministry of Water Resources "Research on Optimal Allocation and Adaptive Management of Water Resources in the Yellow River Delta" (200801026), Dongying City, a typical city of the Yellow River Delta, is selected as the research area. Dongying City is located in the north of Shandong Province, in the junction of atmosphere, river, land and ocean, and has both industries. As an important part of the Yellow River Delta and the location of the Yellow River estuary, Dongying City's ecological and environmental conditions have a direct bearing on the entire Yellow River Delta region and even on the entire Shandong Province. Therefore, the study on ecological security of land use in Dongying City is of typical demonstration significance. Therefore, the study on ecological security of land use in Dongying City is of great guiding significance to the ecological construction and sustainable development of the study area, as well as the development of efficient ecological economy in the Yellow River Delta.
This paper collects the LANDSAT TM/ETM remote sensing images, DEM data, monitoring data and some economic and social statistics data in 1992, 2000 and 2010. It systematically analyzes the ecological environment characteristics of Dongying City. Through the method of "Object-Oriented Remote Sensing Image Classification + Human-Computer Interactive Visual Interpretation", it obtains three land benefits of Dongying City in the past 20 years. The land change trend in the study area in the past 20 years was monitored by using the land cover change map. The spatial and temporal changes of the driving forces of land use change, the degree of land use, the ecosystem services and the degree of land use risk in Dongying City were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively. The hierarchical structure model of land ecological security evaluation index based on force-state-response was established. The land ecological security evaluation database was constructed. The combination of the hierarchical analysis method and the layer superposition analysis method in Gis was used to assign weight. The mathematical model of comprehensive evaluation method was used to evaluate the land ecological security status in the study area. The evaluation unit was the 30m 30m grid. The main conclusions of this paper are as follows:
1. On the basis of in-depth analysis of various data and field investigation, this paper summarizes the characteristics of land use ecological environment in the study area: the diversity of natural conditions, rapid population growth and urbanization into the city, urban development strategy and other factors have a profound impact on the change of land use structure in Dongying City.
2. From 1992 to 2010, the proportion of various land use areas in Dongying City changed greatly, cultivated land was the main land use type, and the smallest area was woodland. The cultivated land was reclaimed as cultivated land, so the amount of cultivated land remained relatively stable during the monitoring period; the shrimp ponds in salt field occupied more unused land, beach and other types; part of the natural pit ponds in the distribution disappeared due to human activities, while more reservoirs were built, so the total area increased slightly; the forest land area increased slightly. The ecological service value and the degree of land use risk in the study area are becoming worse and worse. The decrease of wetland area plays an important role in the deterioration of ecological environment in the study area.
3. The ecological security of land use in Dongying City declined from north to south in 2010. The land use security ranked as follows: Guangrao County, Dongying District, Lijin County, Kenli County, Hekou District. A large area of nature reserves, there are also a large number of saline shrimp ponds, reservoirs and other high value of ecological services, land use risk is small artificial land types, from the central Yellow River Delta impact plain and Yellow River as an ecological barrier, near the northern Bohai Bay, pollution metabolism is faster, so the land ecosystem in the northern Yellow River region is relatively healthy; Because the southern part of Dongying City is also the southern part of the Yellow River, the land use type in this area is simpler than that in the northern part, the economy is developed, the large area of industrial and agricultural production is the main, the construction and mining land and arable land are all over, the ecological vulnerability is high, and the natural conditions are bad, the climate is extremely dry, the irrigation area and the density of water network is small, so the ecology The difference between the South and the north of the study area also conforms to the natural and social differentiation law of Dongying city from the north to the South and gradually from the humid coastal area to the inland plain arid area.
【学位授予单位】：山东师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：P208;P237;X826

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