基于GIS和RS的金坛市土地生态环境敏感性评价研究

发布时间：2018-12-28 13:26

【摘要】：生态环境敏感性评价是进行生态区划的基础，也是生态系统评价的一项重要内容，它是反应各区域自身状况对外界干扰的适应能力。进行生态环境敏感性评价，对于进行区域生态功能区划、制定城市的环境保护政策具有很重要的现实意义。生态环境敏感性受很多影响因子的制约，它是多因子综合作用的产物。本文从系统工程的角度出发，按照层次分析法的理论要求选取合适的评价因子对金坛市的土地生态环境敏感性进行评价。选取了水环境、地质灾害、土地利用类型、耕地地力四个评价因子，从单因子评价到多因子综合评价。并运用面向对象的分类方法提取土地利用类型，提取结果直接参与土地生态敏感性的评价过程。在选取评价方法时，，充分考虑现有的评价方法，结合金坛市的生态环境现状，选择更能反应金坛市实际情况的客观评价方法，使用GIS软件提供的区统计方法进行评价因子叠加，以变异系数法确定因子的权重，以村为评价单元对金坛市的土地生态环境进行了客观的评价。土地生态环境敏感性评价结果显示，高度敏感区占到全市总面积的28.17%，中度敏感区占到全市总面积的35.57%，低度敏感区占到全市总面积的15.11%，不敏感区占到全市总面积的35.57%。其中高敏感区主要分布在直溪镇、朱林镇、指前镇和长荡湖这四个区域，该区域生态敏感性极强，要加强保护；中敏感区主要分布在金城镇、尧塘镇和儒林镇，开发强度不宜过高，低敏感区和不敏感区主要分布在金坛市的市中心和薛埠镇，可适当进行开发。区统计与变异系数法相结合的方法运用到土地生态环境敏感性评价工作中，使得评价结果更加客观，更能反映实际的生态环境问题。面向对象信息提取的方法可快速的从遥感影像中提取出土地利用类型数据。与传统的基于象元的分类方法相比，面向对象的分类方法能够充分挖掘高分辨率遥感影像中的丰富信息，极大的提高了土地利用类型的提取精度。面向对象的信息提取方法可以根据不同的土地利用类型，从光谱、纹理、形状等特征信息出发，构建分类树，该分类方法更符合人类对事物的认知过程。土地利用类型的提取结果可直接参与土地生态环境敏感性评价过程，使得评价过程更加简便，把面向对象分类的方法运用到土地生态环境敏感性评价工作中来，使得评价过程中数据的获取更加方便，充分挖掘了遥感数据获取信息的优势。将GIS与RS相结合的研究方法用于土地生态环境敏感性评价的研究中，既充分挖掘了遥感数据的信息，又充分运用了GIS的空间分析功能，提高了土地生态环境敏感性评价的可操作性，简化了评价过程，使得评价结果更加符合客观事实，能够为区域生态功能区划工作提供帮助。
[Abstract]:Eco-environmental sensitivity assessment is not only the basis of ecological regionalization, but also an important part of ecosystem assessment. It is the adaptive ability to reflect the external disturbance of each region. The evaluation of ecological environment sensitivity is of great practical significance to regional ecological function regionalization and urban environmental protection policy. The sensitivity of ecological environment is restricted by many factors, and it is the product of multiple factors. From the point of view of system engineering, according to the theoretical requirements of Analytic hierarchy process (AHP), this paper selects appropriate evaluation factors to evaluate the sensitivity of the land ecological environment in Jintan City. Four evaluation factors, water environment, geological hazard, land use type and cultivated land fertility, were selected, from single factor evaluation to multi-factor comprehensive evaluation. The land use types are extracted by using the object-oriented classification method, and the results are directly involved in the evaluation process of land ecological sensitivity. When selecting the evaluation method, considering the existing evaluation method, combining the present situation of the ecological environment in Jintan City, choosing the objective evaluation method which can reflect the actual situation of Jintan City, and using the area statistics method provided by the GIS software, the evaluation factors are superimposed. The weights of the factors were determined by the method of coefficient of variation, and the land ecological environment of Jintan was evaluated objectively with the village as the evaluation unit. The results show that the highly sensitive area accounts for 28.17% of the total area of the whole city, the moderate sensitive area occupies 35.57% of the total area of the whole city, and the low sensitive area occupies 15.11% of the total area of the whole city. Insensitive areas account for 35.57% of the total area of the city. The high sensitive areas are mainly distributed in Zhixi Town, Zhulin Town, Zeiqian Town and Changdang Lake. The ecological sensitivity of this region is very strong, so it is necessary to strengthen protection. The middle sensitive areas are mainly distributed in Jincheng, Yaotang and Joulin towns, the development intensity should not be too high, and the low sensitive areas and insensitive areas are mainly distributed in the center of Jintan City and Xuebu Town, which can be properly developed. The method of district statistics and coefficient of variation is applied to the evaluation of the sensitivity of land ecological environment, which makes the evaluation results more objective and reflects the actual ecological environment problems. The object-oriented information extraction method can quickly extract land use type data from remote sensing images. Compared with the traditional pixel based classification method, the object-oriented classification method can fully mine the rich information in the high-resolution remote sensing image, and greatly improve the precision of land use type extraction. According to different land use types, the object-oriented information extraction method can construct a classification tree based on spectrum, texture, shape and other feature information. This classification method is more in line with the process of human cognition of things. The extraction results of land use types can directly participate in the process of land eco-environmental sensitivity evaluation, which makes the evaluation process more convenient. The object-oriented classification method is applied to the evaluation of land eco-environmental sensitivity. It makes it more convenient to obtain the data in the evaluation process, and fully excavates the advantages of remote sensing data to obtain information. The research method of combining GIS and RS in the study of land ecological environment sensitivity assessment not only fully excavates the information of remote sensing data, but also makes full use of the spatial analysis function of GIS. It improves the maneuverability of the land eco-environment sensitivity evaluation, simplifies the evaluation process, makes the evaluation results more in line with the objective facts, and can provide help for the work of regional ecological functional regionalization.
【学位授予单位】：兰州交通大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：X826;P237;P208

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