塔式起重机工作状态监控系统的研究

发布时间：2018-05-13 21:37

本文选题：塔式起重机 + 安全监控　；参考：《太原理工大学》2012年硕士论文

【摘要】：在房屋建筑工程中,能同时完成物料的垂直升降及水平移动的起重机械种类繁多,其中应用最广泛的是塔式起重机(以下简称塔机)。塔机具有其它起重机械难以比拟的优点,如塔身高,起重臂长,有效作业面广,能同时进行起升、回转、行走、变幅等动作,生产效率高。同时塔机也是一种蕴含危险因素较多、事故发生机率较高的机械设备,塔机一旦发生事故,造成的危害是不可估量的,轻则设备受损,重则机毁人亡,这给国家和人民的生命财产造成巨大损失,严重影响经济的健康发展和社会的和谐稳定。因此,对于如何加强塔机的安全作业,受到了生产厂家、建筑施工单位、安全监督部门及建设行政管理部门的高度重视。国家最新制定的GB／T5031-2008塔式起重机标准,要求各类起重机械必须装备安全保护装置,确保塔机的作业安全。目前,国内现有的一些塔机保护装置还只停留在“四限位两保险”阶段,四限位为力矩限位、超高限位、变幅限位和行走限位,两保险为吊钩保险和卷筒保险。这些安全保护装置无法完成塔机工作过程中有关参数的显示,而且只有到达极限的情况下才报警,可靠性较低。针对上述存在的问题,本文在分析塔机的结构以及安全性的基础上,以塔机的起吊重量、吊钩起升高度、塔机回转角度、起重力矩、小车工作幅度以及工作现场风速等几个关键工作参数为代表进行了研究,并开发研制出塔机工作状态安全监控系统。本系统以STC12C5A60S2单片机为处理核心,通过轴销式起重量传感器、增量式光电编码器、绝对式光电编码器、风速传感器完成对起吊重量、起升高度、小车变幅、回转角度、工作现场风速等关键参数的信号采集。它具有良好的人机界面参数设定功能及参数显示功能,通过液晶显示器完成对塔机工作过程中有关参数的显示,通过键盘塔机操作人员可以根据塔机本身所特有的参数进行设置或修改塔机安全作业参数,通过掉电非易失数据存储器保存最近20次违规的工况数据,为塔机监管部门鉴别事故责任提供依据。同时本系统还配有光电耦合输出接口,用以实现对塔机各个机构的停止,当塔机工作过程因操作失误而引起超限超载时,声光报警电路会报警,并能自动切断塔机向危险方向运行的控制电路,有效地起到塔机安全监控目的。考虑到塔机的工作环境比较恶劣,干扰源较多,因而在硬件电路设计中,采用光电隔离技术、去耦技术、滤波技术等来提高系统的可靠性,在软件设计中采用看门狗、数字滤波等措施来增强系统的抗干扰能力。最后,对所设计的电路板进行软硬件调试及系统基本功能验证。该系统是在传统机械和电子传感器的基础上结合当前数字处理技术、传感器技术、滤波技术而开发的一套新型、高可靠的塔式起重机工作状态监控系统。该系统具有良好的实时性、可靠性以及广泛的应用价值,符合塔机监控系统小型化、智能化的发展方向。
[Abstract]:In the building engineering, there are many kinds of lifting machinery that can simultaneously complete the vertical and horizontal movement of the material. The most widely used tower crane is the tower crane. The tower crane has the advantages that other lifting machines can't compare with, such as tower height, long lifting arm and extensive working face, and can lift, turn and walk at the same time. At the same time, the tower crane is also a kind of mechanical equipment which contains more dangerous factors and high probability of accident. Once the tower crane accident occurs, the damage is immeasurable, the equipment is damaged and the machine is destroyed, which causes great loss to the life and property of the country and people and seriously affects the health of the economy. The development of health and social harmony and stability. Therefore, for how to strengthen the safety of the tower crane, it is highly valued by the manufacturers, construction units, safety supervision departments and construction administrative departments. The latest national standard for GB / T5031-2008 tower crane needs to be equipped with safety protection devices for all kinds of lifting machines. The operation of the pagoda machine is safe.
At present, some of the existing tower protection devices in China are still only in the "four limit two insurance" stage, the four limit is torque limit, ultra high limit, amplitude limit and walking limit, two insurance is hook insurance and drum insurance. These safety protection devices can not complete the display of the related parameters in the process of the tower mechanic, and only reach the pole. On the basis of the analysis of the above problems, based on the analysis of the structure and safety of the tower, this paper studies the key parameters such as the lifting weight of the tower, the lifting height of the hoisting hook, the angle of the tower, the lifting moment, the working range of the small car and the wind speed in the work site. A safety monitoring system for tower crane working state has been developed.
This system takes the STC12C5A60S2 single chip as the core, through the axle pin weight sensor, the incremental photoelectric encoder, the absolute photoelectric encoder, the wind speed sensor to complete the signal collection of the lifting weight, the lifting height, the size of the car, the angle of the rotation, the wind speed of the work site and so on. It has a good man-machine interface parameter set. With the function of fixed function and parameter display, the parameters of the tower machine are displayed by the LCD display. The operator can set or modify the safety operation parameters of the tower according to the special parameters of the tower machine, and save the last 20 violations of the working condition data by the power off non loss data memory. At the same time, this system provides a basis for the identification of accident responsibility of the tower supervision department. At the same time, the system also has a photoelectric coupling output interface to realize the stop of each mechanism of the tower. When the operation process of the tower is overloaded, the sound and light alarm circuit will alarm and can automatically cut off the control circuit that the tower crane runs in the dangerous direction. In the design of the hardware circuit, the photoelectric isolation technology, decoupling technology and filtering technology are used to improve the reliability of the system. In the software design, the watchdog and digital filter are adopted to enhance the anti-interference ability of the system. Finally, the software and hardware debugging of the designed circuit board and the verification of the basic functions of the system are carried out.
The system is a new set of high reliable tower crane working state monitoring system, which is based on the traditional mechanical and electronic sensors, combined with the current digital processing technology, sensor technology and filtering technology. The system has good real-time, reliability and wide application value, which conforms to the miniaturization of the tower monitoring system. The direction of intelligent development.

【学位授予单位】：太原理工大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：TH213.3

【参考文献】