塔式起重机基础设计与安装拆卸施工安全监理研究

发布时间：2018-05-15 00:27

本文选题：塔式起重机(塔机) + 基础设计　；参考：《华南理工大学》2011年硕士论文

【摘要】：近年来高层建筑施工迅猛发展,塔机作为主要的高层垂直运输机械广泛应用于主体工程施工中。由于塔机基础设计和安装拆卸专项施工涉及结构荷载取值、地基与基础、钢筋混凝土结构、钢结构、高耸结构、建筑机械、施工管理、设备检测、工程监理等诸多专业,技术含量较高,安装与拆卸过程较为复杂,发生安全事故的社会影响和经济后果严重。针对目前塔机安全问题,本文通过对塔机事故案例的原因分析,归纳出塔机安全事故的隐患问题及解决方法。一、在基础设计方面,主要存在的问题是塔机传递到基础顶面的M、、荷载在计算时存在参数取值偏差,比如没有结合工程所在地的基本风压,风振系数Fv Fhw0βz、体型系数、风压等效高度变化系数在计算取值上存在偏差或错误,造成水平荷载计算错误。另外,没有依据工程所选用的塔机型号进行荷载参数选用也会带来荷载计算的偏差。其次,缺乏对塔机基础地质勘察报告,地基承载力特征值fak参照毗邻项目数据,也给基础设计的安全性带来偏差。在常见塔机基础选型方面要综合考虑现场条件、地质状况、荷载大小、建筑平面、施工组织、造价成本和施工安全等因素。而现实情况是塔机使用单位或者安装单位往往不考虑以上相关因素,盲目选择基础形式,因此导致基础设计要么保守浪费,要么抗倾覆稳定性、地基承载力或者基础抗冲切不能够满足要求,存在安全隐患。在具体的基础设计过程中,针对不同的基础类型,基础的安全指标体系也不完全相同。根据作者审查塔机基础的经验发现,目前大量的塔机基础安全指标体系混乱,缺乏统一的标准。针对以上状况,本文提出一个比较系统完善的塔机基础设计体系,详细规定了塔机参数选择、荷载计算、地基承载力计算、基础截面配筋计算、基础抗冲切验算、基础抗倾覆稳定性验算的公式和允许值指标,具有简明性、针对性和指导性,方便塔机使用单位和监理机构在设计和审查塔机方案时,有一个可参照的计算指标体系。u su zFh 二、在塔机安装与拆卸方面,安全问题突出表现在塔机安拆单位无塔机安拆资质、无经过培训的特种作业上岗人员、无塔机安装拆卸方案,冒险作业现象较多,大量安全事故发生在塔机的安装、顶升和拆除过程之中。针对这种管理现状,本文指出建立特种设备执法检查制度,加大对塔机安装拆卸企业的资质审查力度,建立塔机安拆企业项目安拆方案的备案制度,对没有塔机安拆专项施工方案的塔机安拆单位进行处罚和通报。同时加强对塔机安拆单位特殊作业上岗人员的培训和动态抽查人员异动情况,确保安装和拆卸作业人员为经过专业培训的特种作业上岗人员,从人力资源上保证塔机安装与拆卸的安全作业。三、在塔机特种设备信息管理方面,目前市场上尚未有建立塔机档案备案制度,导致一台塔机出厂后流入租赁市场和施工工地的后续信息无法追踪,如塔机超期服役,违规修补,非法改装,以旧充新等安全隐患信息不能记录,这些隐患都是导致塔机安全事故的直接原因。鉴于此,本文指出特种设备监督管理部门应建立塔机档案备案制度,连续记录塔机流入市场后的所有信息。特种设备监督管理部门要定期抽查工地所用塔机的信息档案,对于不建立档案的塔机所有权单位处以重罚,并由塔机所有权单位补办塔机档案备案手续! 四、在塔机使用与维修方面,存在非特种作业上岗人员充当司机、司索和信号工,违章作业,违章指挥,违章使用,安全隐患很大。为扭转这种局面,本文建议加强对塔机使用单位特种作业上岗人员的培训和检查,对特种作业上岗人员不齐全的塔机使用单位进行经济处罚或行政通报,责令停工整改。五、在塔机施工安全监理方面,目前普遍存在监理人员对使用单位报送的塔机基础设计与安装拆卸施工方案的审查,流于形式化的定性语言描述,尤其对于塔机基础设计方案缺乏定量的计算依据。这一方面说明监理工程师的专业能力需要提高,另一方面,监理工程师缺乏一套系统的塔机施工安全监理指导文件。本文针对上述现状提出推行塔机施工安全监理方案的专家论证制度,经过5人以上单数的专家论证后的方案才能由使用单位上报给监理单位审批。同时,本文旨在完成一套系统的塔机施工安全监理指导文件,加大对监理工程师的业务培训,指导监理工程师有章可循地进行塔机施工安全方案的审查工作。本文通过对以上五大问题进行论证分析和案例研究,归纳出课题的研究结论和建议。该课题经过项目监理机构的实践运用和实证分析,主要效益表现在: 一、经济效益方面。避免塔机发生倒塌、折臂、坠物等群死群伤恶性事故发生,按照每起事故伤亡3人,每人赔偿42万医疗费及抚恤金计算,节约3×42=126万元,避免塔机本身的维修费约5万元,即直接避免的安全事故费用约131万元。在安全事故的调查期间,工地还要停工,每工日综合窝工费约100元,一台塔机直接影响的钢筋工、木工、混凝土工按50人计算,每天的停工损失为50×100=5000元,塔机的租赁费约每台班1000元。即每天的窝工费和塔机租赁费为6000元,这仅按50人和一台塔机考虑,且未考虑停工造成工期延误带来的处罚。二、社会效益方面。维护了人民群众生命财产的安全,有利于家庭的幸福和社会的和谐。
[Abstract]:In recent years, the construction of high rise building is developing rapidly. As the main high rise vertical transport machinery, tower crane is widely used in the construction of main body. The special construction of tower crane foundation design and installation and dismantling involves the value of structure load, foundation and foundation, reinforced concrete structure, steel structure, towering structure, construction machinery, construction management, equipment testing, Engineering supervision and many other specialties, technical content is high, the installation and disassembly process is more complex, the social and economic consequences of safety accidents are serious. Aiming at the problem of tower crane safety, this paper sums up the hidden trouble problems and solutions of tower crane accidents through the analysis of the cause of the tower crane accident case.
First, in the basic design, the main problem is that the tower is transferred to the M of the top surface, and there is a deviation of the parameters when the load is calculated. For example, there is no basic wind pressure on the site of the project, such as the wind vibration coefficient Fv Fhw0 beta Z, the figure coefficient, the equivalent height of the wind pressure, and the deviation or error of the calculation value, causing the horizontal load. In addition, the selection of the load parameters selected by the tower machine model selected by the project will also bring the deviation of the load calculation. Secondly, the basic geological survey report of the tower crane is lack. The characteristic value of the foundation bearing capacity FAK refers to the adjacent project data, and also brings the deviation to the safety of the basic design. The factors such as site conditions, geological conditions, load size, building plane, construction organization, cost cost and construction safety are taken into consideration. The actual situation is that the tower crane unit or installation unit often does not consider the above related factors and chooses the basic form blindly, so that the basic design is either conservative waste or anti overturning stability. The basic safety index system is not exactly the same in the specific basic design process. According to the author's experience in examining the foundation of the tower, a large number of tower crane basic safety index systems are in confusion and lack of unified standard. According to the above situation, this paper puts forward a more systematic and perfect tower crane foundation design system, which specifies the selection of tower crane parameters, load calculation, calculation of foundation bearing capacity, foundation section reinforcement calculation, basic anti scouring checking calculation, the common and allowable value indexes of base anti overturning stability checking calculation, which is concise, pertinent and instructive. There is a reference index system.U Su zFh to facilitate the use of tower crane units and supervision organizations in the design and examination of tower crane schemes.
Two, in the installation and disassembly of the tower crane, the safety problem is manifested in the safety and dismantling of the tower crane without the tower crane, the non - trained special operation staff, the installation and disassembly scheme without the tower crane, the phenomenon of adventure operation more, a large number of safety accidents occur in the installation of the tower crane, the lifting and dismantling process. The article points out the establishment of the law enforcement inspection system for special equipment, the strengthening of the qualification examination of the tower crane installation and dismantling enterprises, the establishment of the record system for the safety and dismantling schemes of the tower crane safety and dismantling enterprises, and the punishment and notification of the tower crane units without the special construction plan of the tower crane and dismantling. The training and dynamic inspection of the personnel's special movement, ensure the installation and disassembly workers for the special operation staff who have been trained by professional training, and ensure the safety operation of the installation and disassembly of the tower crane from the human resources.
Three, in the information management of tower crane special equipment, there has not yet been set up a record filing system on the tower, which leads to the inflow of the follow-up information to the rental market and construction site after the tower is out of the factory, such as the overdue service of the tower, the repair of the violation, the illegal modification, and the hidden hidden danger information, such as the old charging new, all these hidden dangers In view of this, this article points out that the special equipment supervision and management department should set up the file filing system of the tower crane to record all the information after the tower is inflow into the market. The special equipment supervision and management department should regularly check the information file of the tower crane on the site, and do not establish the ownership unit of the tower crane. Heavy penalties will be imposed, and the tower crane archives will be filed by the owner of the tower crane.
Four, in the use and maintenance of the tower crane, there are non special operation staff acting as drivers, SSO and signal workers, illegal operations, illegal command, illegal use, and a great hidden danger. In order to reverse this situation, this paper proposes to strengthen the training and inspection of the personnel of the special operation of the tower machine. The use of tower crane units to carry out economic penalties or administrative bulletin, ordered to stop work rectification.
Five, in the safety supervision of the tower crane construction, there is a general existence of the review of the foundation design and the installation and dismantling scheme submitted by the supervisor to the use unit, which is a formal qualitative language description, especially for the design of the tower foundation. This shows the professional ability of the supervision engineer. In order to improve, on the other hand, the supervision engineer lacks a set of systematic safety supervision guidance documents for tower construction. In this paper, an expert demonstration system is put forward to carry out the construction safety supervision scheme of tower crane. The scheme can be submitted to the supervision unit by the unit of use after 5 or more expert demonstration. At the same time, the purpose of this paper is to be given. In the completion of a system of tower crane construction safety supervision guidance documents, increase the training of the supervision engineer, and guide the supervision engineer to review the safety plan of the tower construction.
Through the demonstration analysis and case study of the above five major problems, this paper summarizes the conclusions and suggestions of the research. The main benefits of the project are shown in the practice and empirical analysis of the project supervision organization.
First, the economic benefits. Avoid the collapse of the tower, folding arm, falling objects and other groups of fatal accidents, according to each accident casualty of 3 people, compensation of 420 thousand medical expenses and pension calculation, save 3 x 42=126 million yuan, avoid the maintenance of the tower itself about 50 thousand yuan, that is, the direct connection to avoid the safety accident costs about 1 million 310 thousand yuan. In a safety accident. During the investigation, the construction site also stopped working, with a comprehensive cost of about 100 yuan per day. The steel workers, carpenters and concrete workers directly affected by a tower crane were calculated by 50 people. The daily loss was 50 x 100=5000 yuan and the tower crane was about 1000 yuan for each class. That is, the daily working fee and the tower crane rental fee are 6000 yuan, which are only 50 people and a tower crane. Consider and do not consider the penalty caused by the delay in construction.
Two, in terms of social benefits, it safeguards the safety of people's lives and property, and is conducive to family happiness and social harmony.

【学位授予单位】：华南理工大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：TH213.3

【参考文献】