机电产品模块化生命周期评价方法研究及其软件开发

发布时间：2018-06-25 08:43

本文选题：模块化 + 参数化　；参考：《上海交通大学》2011年硕士论文

【摘要】：近几十年,随着资源耗竭和环境污染形势日益严峻,人们开始关注产品设计制造及其整个生命周期对环境的影响,绿色设计和制造成为人们的共识。生命周期评价是绿色设计的重要支撑技术之一,被认为是最有潜力和发展前景的可持续发展支持技术。生命周期评价(Life Cycle Assessment, LCA)是对某一产品系统或服务从原材料获取直至最终废弃处理的整个生命周期的输入、输出进行编制及对其潜在环境影响进行评价的技术。由于产品系统的复杂性,输入输出数据收集和计算的工作量非常繁重。目前欧美许多国家已经开发了基础材料和能源数据库,并推出了相应的LCA软件工具,这些一定程度上降低了LCA数据收集的工作量,促进了LCA的发展。但现有LCA软件之间的差别并不大,并存在一些问题,例如产品模型不清晰,建模精度不高,数据重用级别较低,软件操作复杂,对用户要求较高等等。并且,LCA在国内的发展较为滞后,虽然许多大学和研究机构都已经展开了LCA的研究,但目前国内尚没有统一的基础材料数据库和商用的LCA软件。针对这些问题,本文主要进行了以下研究工作: 首先,提出了一种将参数化应用于LCA的新方法,即基于加工工艺的参数化LCA方法。LCA只考虑加工中的物能消耗,并不考虑产品外观形状,而物能消耗与加工工艺参数和加工设备参数是相关的。通过工艺和设备参数采集数据,不但难度降低,而且准确度也可以得到保证。这个方法可以将数据采集细化至加工工艺级,提高了精度,并且具有较强的通用性。文章详细讨论了参数化模型的思路、应用方式及建立过程。其次,将模块化的思想应用于生命周期评价中。模块化是绿色设计的重要技术之一,模块最大的特点在于其通用性。从LCA的角度看,模块的重用,实际上就是模块所包含的一套基础数据的整体重用。因而,对照现有的LCI数据库,本研究建立了模块数据库,将LCA中数据重用的级别从现有的原材料、能量等基础数据级提高至零部件级,大大提高了数据重用的效率。文章讨论了模块数据库的建立过程和模块化思想下LCA软件的建模方式。第三,针对现有的商业软件用户操作任务量较大的问题,本文提出了基于评价模板的产品生命周期评价方法,将用户操作LCA软件的工作量分为两部分,分别是产品结构分析和生命周期评价,这两部分分别由软件提供者和操作用户来完成。用户在操作时,可以直接由模板建立新的评价工程,节省了大量产品结构分析和建模的时间,降低了用户操作的工作量。并且,模板用于评价同系列产品时优势更加突出。最后,本文开发了基于以上理念的产品生命周期评价软件MPT-LCA,与现有软件相比,MPT-LCA具有多方面的优势,例如采用参数化模型,方便数据收集,且细化了产品模型,建模精度更高;零部件级采用模块化产品模型,提高数据重用级别;提供产品评价模板,并支持用户自定义模板,在评价特定产品或同系列产品时工作量大幅降低。
[Abstract]:In recent decades, as resource depletion and environmental pollution become increasingly severe, people begin to pay attention to the impact of product design and production and the whole life cycle on the environment. Green design and manufacturing have become common understanding. Life cycle assessment is one of the most important supporting technologies for green design and is considered to be the most potential and sustainable sustainable development. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is the input of the whole life cycle of a product system or service from the raw material to the final waste treatment, the production of the output and the evaluation of its potential environmental impact. The workload is very heavy. Many countries in Europe and America have developed basic materials and energy databases and introduced the corresponding LCA software tools. These reduce the workload of LCA data collection and promote the development of LCA. However, there are little differences between the existing LCA software, and there are some problems, such as product model. It is not clear, the precision of modeling is not high, the level of data reuse is low, the operation of software is complex, the requirement of the user is higher, and so on. And the development of LCA is lagging behind in China. Although many universities and research institutions have already carried out the research of LCA, there is no unified basic material database and commercial LCA software at home. In this paper, the following research work is carried out in this paper.
First, a new method of parameterized application to LCA is proposed, that is, the parameterized LCA method based on processing technology,.LCA only takes into account the material energy consumption in processing, does not take into account the appearance of the product, and the energy consumption is related to the processing parameters and the processing equipment parameters. And the accuracy can also be guaranteed. This method can refine the data collection to the processing level, improve the precision, and have strong generality. The paper discusses the thought of the parameterized model, the application way and the establishment process in detail.
Secondly, modularization is applied to life cycle evaluation. Modularization is one of the most important technologies of green design. The largest feature of the module is its generality. From the point of view of LCA, the reuse of modules is actually the overall reuse of a set of basic data contained in the module. Therefore, the research is established against the existing LCI database. The module database improves the level of data reuse in LCA from the existing raw materials, energy and other basic data levels to the component level, which greatly improves the efficiency of data reuse. The article discusses the establishment process of the module database and the modeling method of the LCA software under the modularization idea.
Third, in view of the large amount of operational tasks of the existing commercial software users, this paper proposes a product life cycle evaluation method based on the evaluation template, which divides the workload of user operating LCA software into two parts, which are product structure analysis and life cycle evaluation, respectively, the two parts are completed by the software provider and the operating user respectively. When the user is operating, a new evaluation project can be set up directly from the template, which saves a lot of time for the analysis and modeling of the product structure and reduces the workload of the user's operation. Moreover, the advantages of the template are more prominent when it is used to evaluate the same series of products.
Finally, the product life cycle evaluation software MPT-LCA based on the above concept is developed. Compared with the existing software, MPT-LCA has many advantages, such as using the parameterized model, convenient data collection, refining the product model and improving the modeling precision; the component level uses modular product model to improve the level of data reuse; Product evaluation template, and support user defined template, in the evaluation of specific products or a series of products, the workload significantly reduced.
【学位授予单位】：上海交通大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：TH186;TP311.52

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