煤矿区生态风险演化过程及防控机制研究

发布时间：2018-02-09 05:25

本文关键词： 煤矿区土地损毁自然—社会生态系统生态风险风险防控机制　出处：《中国地质大学(北京)》2017年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：我国正处于经济社会发展的重要战略期,同时又备受资源环境的约束。煤矿作为重要的能源矿产,广泛分布于我国生态脆弱地区,采矿对环境造成巨大扰动,导致区域生态系统的退化。因此,有必要理清矿区生态风险发生、发展规律,研究新常态下矿区生态风险防控机制。本文采用野外调查、走访座谈、遥感技术、空间分析、统计分析和定性定量相结合等方法对煤矿区自然—社会生态系统潜在风险表征进行归纳总结,以平朔矿区为例对土地损毁和复垦过程的生态系统时空特征进行分类并评估分析生态风险变化,构建防控机制。得出的主要结论如下:(1)矿区生态风险的发生、发展与人类活动造成的土地扰动有关,其具有自然生态风险和社会生态风险的复合特性。受外部和内部两种作用力影响,全球环境变化、经济发展政策等宏观因子和矿业生产活动方式及管理措施等,矿区生态风险类型可分为原生型、利益导向型和管理无效型。从自然环境分异区划和开采扰动两方面将全国煤炭聚集区划分为9个生态风险区,反映宏观空间下煤炭聚集区的生态风险分异特征。(2)借助遥感方法和GIS空间分析方法,对平朔矿区1987-2015年采矿扰动区的NDVI指数变化进行特征分类,可知研究区内有、无植被覆盖的区域的比值因开采和复垦进度不同呈现阶段性波动。矿业开采造成地表无植被覆盖持续时长平均为11 a,植被恢复工程所需时间受前期排土场排土工艺和管理水平的影响,与复垦工作开始的早晚关系较小,植被恢复至原地貌水平的平均值为5.6 a。(3)矿区生态风险的动态变化与矿区开采速度、土地损毁面积大小、开采过程科学性和土地复垦措施密切相关。选取2001年和2010年两期数据,从土地损毁累积影响和生态脆弱度两方面构建评价模型得出矿区生态风险值。2010年土地损毁的累积影响范围比2001年增长了7095.17hm2;但随着矿区扰动区域的东移,采矿对研究区西部的影响在减弱;2001年处于中等风险及以下的区域占比为0.02%,到2010年增加为16.77%;基于OWA方法设置情景偏好,绘制“忽视”、“正常”和“重视”三类风险情景下的矿区生态风险图。(4)分析矿区扰动下的周边居民点农民生产生活方式的演变特征,构建压力-状态-驱动-响应模型揭示矿区“矿-地-人”困境的驱动力和管理路径。矿业开采是导致区域生产、生活和生态环境恶化最直接的影响因素,而政府管理的缺失以及教育资源整合是造成村庄败落的重要原因。(5)矿区是一个由自然生态系统和社会生态系统共同作用的复合生态系统,本文从防范、监控和协调三个方面,针对不同的利益相关者、不同尺度和不同的层次构建矿区生态风险防控机制。
[Abstract]:China is in an important strategic period of economic and social development, but also subject to the constraints of resources and environment. As an important energy mineral, coal mining is widely distributed in fragile ecological areas of China, and mining causes great environmental disturbance. Therefore, it is necessary to clarify the occurrence and development law of ecological risk in mining area, and to study the mechanism of ecological risk prevention and control in mining area under the new normal condition. Combining statistical analysis with qualitative and quantitative analysis, the potential risk characterization of natural and social ecosystem in coal mining area is summarized. Taking Pingshuo mining area as an example, the ecosystem space-time characteristics of land damage and reclamation process are classified, ecological risk changes are evaluated and analyzed, and prevention and control mechanism is constructed. The main conclusions are as follows: 1) occurrence of ecological risk in mining area. Development is related to land disturbance caused by human activities, which has the compound characteristics of natural ecological risk and social ecological risk. It is affected by both external and internal forces, and the global environment changes, The types of ecological risks in mining areas can be divided into primary types, such as macroeconomic factors such as economic development policies, mining production activities and management measures, etc. Benefit oriented and ineffective management. The coal accumulation area in China is divided into 9 ecological risk areas from the two aspects of natural environment differentiation regionalization and mining disturbance. Reflecting the characteristics of ecological risk differentiation in coal accumulation area under macroscopic space.) by means of remote sensing method and GIS spatial analysis method, this paper classifies the NDVI index change of mining disturbance area in Pingshuo mining area from 1987 to 2015. It can be seen that there are some in the study area. The ratio of the area without vegetation cover varies with the progress of mining and reclamation. The duration of vegetation cover on the surface caused by mining is 11 years on average, and the time required for vegetation restoration project is subjected to the early stage of dump drainage. The impact of skill and management, The average value of vegetation restoration to the original geomorphologic level is 5.6 a.f.) the dynamic change of ecological risk in mining area and the mining speed and the area of land damage are smaller than those in the early morning and evening of reclamation work, and the average value of vegetation restoration to the original geomorphological level is 5.6 a.f. The scientific process of mining is closely related to the measures of land reclamation. The data of 2001 and 2010 are selected. The value of ecological risk of mining area was obtained from two aspects of land damage cumulative impact and ecological vulnerability. The cumulative impact range of land damage in 2010 increased by 7095.17hm2compared with 2001, but along with the eastward migration of the disturbed area of mining area, the value of ecological risk in mining area was obtained. The impact of mining on the west of the study area is waning; the proportion of areas at medium risk and below was 0.02 in 2001 and increased to 16.77 in 2010; scenario preference is set based on the OWA method, Drawing the ecological risk map of mining area under "neglect", "normal" and "attention" risk scenarios) analyzing the characteristics of farmers' production and life style in surrounding residential areas under the disturbance of mining area. The construction of pressure-state-drive-response model reveals the driving force and management path of "mining-land- man" dilemma in mining area. Mining is the most direct influencing factor of regional production, living and ecological environment deterioration. However, the lack of government management and the integration of educational resources are the important reasons for the decline of the village. The mining area is a compound ecosystem which is influenced by the natural ecosystem and the social ecosystem. In this paper, there are three aspects of prevention, monitoring and coordination. Aiming at different stakeholders, different scales and different levels, the ecological risk prevention and control mechanism of mining area is constructed.
【学位授予单位】：中国地质大学(北京)
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：X752;TD88

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