煤矿瓦斯爆炸事故原因研究

发布时间：2018-03-03 12:39

本文选题：煤矿　切入点：瓦斯爆炸事故　出处：《中国矿业大学(北京)》2017年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：事故原因分析是事故预防的基础。针对近年来煤矿重特大瓦斯爆炸事故占全部煤矿重特大事故的比例不断增大、事故发生起数和造成的死亡人数居高不下的情况,本文研究了以往学者对煤矿井下瓦斯爆炸事故的原因分析,发现以往原因分析主要集中在导致事故的不安全动作和不安全物态等直接原因上,较少涉及直接原因背后更深层次的个人习惯性行为原因和管理体系原因之研究,且在研究员工不安全动作原因时,仅考虑一线班组员工的违章动作,较少的考虑管理层员工的不安全动作原因等问题。从事故预防角度来说,尽可能全面分析现阶段事故中人和物的原因、个人和组织等的原因,才能更全面、有效的为现在和将来的事故预防工作提出切入点、思路或是侧重点,以及为员工培训提供指导和参考。为达到上述研究目的,本文以事故致因“2-4”模型为理论依据,研究了瓦斯爆炸事故的原因分析方法,并选取2005-2014年间发生的105起重特大瓦斯爆炸事故进行研究分析。首先,从事故发生井下地点、事故发生时间、死亡人数、矿井瓦斯等级、矿井所有制信息等几个方面对2005-2014年重特大瓦斯爆炸事故的致因因素规律进行了统计分析;其次,从点火源和瓦斯积聚两个角度分别分析了导致事故发生的不安全动作原因、不安全物态原因、习惯性行为原因和安全管理体系缺欠原因等各类原因;最后,简单建议了本文所得到的事故原因分析结果在瓦斯爆炸事故预防中的应用方法,得到以下结论:(1)提出一个以员工行为为出发点的事故分析方法。事故致因“2-4”模型是理论模型,为实际应用在事故分析中,本文提出了一种7步分析方法,包括(1)切割组织;(2)事故发生经过分析;(3)事故组织内员工不安全动作的识别;(4)不安全物态原因分析;(5)习惯性行为原因讨论;(6)安全管理体系缺欠原因分析;(7)事故原因的归纳及其对事故的影响过程分析。(2)得到了近年来煤矿重特大瓦斯爆炸事故的致因因素规律。通过对2005-2014年间发生的105起煤矿重特大瓦斯爆炸事故的致因因素进行统计分析发现:随着安全管理水平的提高,放炮火焰和电火花、或是人为导致的通风管理问题正逐渐被解决,瓦斯爆炸事故发生的物理过程向更难以预防、更隐蔽的密闭空间瓦斯积聚和热辐射、摩擦撞击火花等原因转变。(3)得到了事故中引起点火源和瓦斯积聚的“原因图谱”(见附录C)。通过分析样本事故的各类原因,按原因发生的频次,得到了引起瓦斯爆炸事故发生的“原因图谱”。(4)得到了瓦斯爆炸事故中引起点火源的各类原因及其规律:分析产生放炮火焰的原因发现,封孔和炸药及爆破器材的管理是引起放炮火焰最多的两类原因。另外,有36起事故未组织爆破工进行专业培训,37个事故矿井在日常作业中出现违章指挥、忽视、纵容工人违章放炮的行为,38个事故矿井爆破前未建立或未要求执行爆破作业说明书,这些原因共同促使爆破工形成习惯性违章爆破行为。分析产生电火花的原因发现,操作失爆的电气设备(17)、带电检修电气设备(9)是直接引起事故的主要不安全动作原因。17类不安全物态原因中有16类属于电气设备失爆,其中煤电钻电缆线明接头(11)出现最多,41个事故矿井中有36个矿井未安装供电闭锁和超前切断电源控制设备,说明事故矿井普遍缺乏对供电闭锁作用的认识。另外,由于事故矿井缺失有关电气设备和电缆检修(38),防爆电气设备全生命周期的使用和管理(21),电气设备检修台账(19)等相关规定,才导致大量带电检修不安全动作和失爆电气设备的出现。分析产生明火和热辐射的原因发现,大部分事故是因为未定期检查密闭的完好性和漏风情况、没有采取防采空区漏风措施(7)、对于井下长期存在煤自燃预兆或存在火区未采取有针对性的防灭火措施(6)等忽视密闭破损(7)、采空区温度上升、顶板有水珠等自燃发火征兆(6)的不安全动作引起的。另外,在13起事故中只有3个事故矿井未安装采空区温度检测或预警系统和防灭火系统,说明事故矿井并非是工程技术手段未到位,而是管理未落实。分析产生摩擦冲击火花的原因发现,对于预防摩擦冲击火花,需要避免直接操作金属设备时发生的碰撞,注意机电设备的安装位置、方向和维修管理、特别是备用机电设备的完好性,以及重视顶板管理三个方面。同时,应在员工培训中强调摩擦冲击火花发生的可能(8)。(5)得到了瓦斯爆炸事故中引起瓦斯积聚的各类原因及其规律:分析造成矿井供风量不足的原因发现,直接管理层员工甚至是矿级管理层员工是造成矿井供风量不足的主要决策者。矿级管理层员工由于缺乏矿井通风相关知识,导致私自全矿井停电(8),不采用机械通风(7)、超层开采(6)或是超能力开采(3)的频频发生,从而导致矿井供风量不足。分析造成局部通风管理混乱的原因发现,掘进工作面未使用局部通风机(9)、局部通风机安装位置错误导致拉循环风(8)等是引起工作面有效风量不足的主要不安全动作原因;43起事故中涉及的主要不安全物态有三类,与局部通风机有关的出现30次、与风筒有关15次、另外5次与通风构筑物有关;相应的,反映出事故矿井员工较多缺乏诸如局部通风机拉循环风的原因和危害(15)、随意开停局部通风机的危害(8)等安全知识;同时通风区队普遍存在未能履行其岗位责任的情况,局部通风机安装、使用、管理(16),风筒使用、检查、维护管理(15)等相关规定也存在较多的缺欠。分析造成通风系统不合理的原因发现,采区通风构筑物设置错误引起部分用风地点无风(5)引起了最多的5次事故,反映出员工对于通风知识的缺乏;另外,在7起事故中因没有设计或设计了不合理的通风系统,或因在巷道贯通时没有及时调整风路(2),而导致巷道贯通后通风系统的紊乱。分析造成巷道堵塞的原因发现,员工对巷道堵塞的危险性认识不足是导致未制定或未要求执行巷道维护管理相关规定(4),或是在巷道抽排水前未编制安全技术措施(1)的主要原因。分析造成瓦斯排放不当的原因发现,采用“一风吹”排瓦斯(6)和随意开停局部通风机(4)是引起瓦斯积聚的主要不安全动作原因,但究其根源,是未制定或未要求执行瓦斯抽放措施相关规定及局部通风机管理相关规定。分析造成瓦斯异常涌出的原因发现,虽然瓦斯异常涌出是突发事件,但在实际事故中,早于事故之前已有明显征兆,但被员工忽视,如在日常作业中经常发现巷道发生冲击地压或瓦斯涌出异常而未采取措施,或是在高瓦斯矿井(或是低瓦斯矿井的高瓦斯区域)采掘,未进行瓦斯提前抽放。分析造成密闭空间瓦斯积聚的原因发现,预防密闭空间瓦斯积聚的对策应从监控密闭空间的瓦斯浓度情况及当开采接近密闭空间时,采取有效的安全技术措施,避免密闭空间瓦斯涌出这两个角度入手。在22起事故中,有12起事故矿井未监控密闭空间的瓦斯浓度情况,10起事故矿井在采掘接近密闭空间时,未采取有效的安全技术措施等是出现较多的不安全动作原因。分析造成爆破瓦斯积聚的原因发现,5起事故放炮前都未制定爆破作业说明书,3起事故放炮后未采取通风措施、未等炮烟消散、未检查瓦斯浓度就回到工作面作业,这说明爆破工和当班管理人员均没有认识到编制爆破作业说明书和炮后检查的重要性。分析瓦斯浓度检查类的原因发现,74%的事故中存在作业流程中缺少检查瓦斯浓度这一环节,从而未能及时发现瓦斯浓度超限的情况。在78起事故中存在“瓦检员当班作业前未检查瓦斯浓度”的情况,63起事故“作业前未检查瓦斯浓度”;从物态上看,43起事故地点附近无瓦斯传感器,32个事故矿井员工未携带便携式瓦检仪,29个矿井瓦斯监控系统损坏,因而影响了瓦斯检查工作。上述原因从根本上来说,是事故矿井员工未能理解按规定检查瓦斯的重要性造成的。反映在安全管理体系缺欠上,有54个事故矿井未配备足够的瓦检员,47个矿井在安全检查制度中未明确要求需要检查井下员工便携式瓦检仪佩戴情况等。(6)给出了瓦斯爆炸事故原因分析结果的应用建议。对于单起事故原因分析结果,可以用于案例教学。对于事故原因统计的应用,由于本文分析统计得到了一段时间内引起瓦斯爆炸事故的各类原因,因而可以通过对各类原因的安全检查,以检验生产矿井是否有效预防以往事故发生的原因;也可以了解事故中高频次的原因类型、或可能被遗漏的原因类型,从而可以采取针对性的预防措施。
[Abstract]:The cause of the accident analysis is the basis of accident prevention. In recent years, coal serious gas explosion accidents in coal mine accidents accounted for a growing proportion of accidents, deaths caused by the high number and case analysis in this paper studies the reasons why scholars of the gas explosion accidents in coal mine underground, discovered the reason analysis focused on the accident is not safe and unsafe state action directly cause, reason of personal habits and management system causes less involved directly the deeper reason behind, and in the study of employee safety action, only consider the front-line team staff illegal action, consider the problem of management staff less unsafe action and other reasons. From the perspective of accident prevention, as far as possible a comprehensive analysis of reasons and present the accident, individuals and organizations etc. The reason, can be more comprehensive, effective for the present and future accident prevention work of the starting point, thinking or focus, as well as for staff training to provide guidance and reference. To achieve the research objectives, the accident caused the "2-4" model as the theoretical basis, research the reasons of gas explosion accidents and analysis method. Select the 2005-2014 occurred 105 serious gas explosion accident was analyzed. First, the accident occurred from the underground location, the time of the accident, the death toll, the mine gas level, mine ownership information and other aspects of the explosion on the 2005-2014 years of serious gas accidents due to factors of statistical analysis; second, from two angle of ignition and gas accumulation are analyzed in the safe movement of the cause of the accident, unsafe state, habitual behavior and safety management system. Due to a variety of reasons; finally, simple suggestions the cause of the accident analysis results in gas explosion accident prevention application method, get the following conclusions: (1) presents a method for the analysis on employee behavior as the starting point of the accident. The accident causing the "2-4" model is a theoretical model for practical application in the accident analysis, this paper proposes a 7 step analysis method, including (1) cutting organization; (2) after the accident analysis; (3) identify accident employees unsafe action; (4) analysis of unsafe state reasons; (5) discuss the causes of habitual behavior; (6) analysis safety management system defect reason; (7) analysis of the cause of the accident and its influence on the induction of the accident. (2) has recently been extraordinarily serious coal mine gas explosion accidents due to factors caused by law. 105 coal mine occurred in the 2005-2014 years of serious gas explosion accident The factors for statistical analysis found that with improving the level of safety management, shooting flames and sparks, or man-made ventilation management problems are gradually being resolved, the gas explosion physical process to more difficult to prevent, and more confined space gas accumulation and heat radiation, the reason for the change of impact friction sparks (3. The reason of causing) ignition sources and gas accumulation in the "accident" (see Appendix C). Through various reasons analysis of samples of accidents, according to the causes of the frequency, the gas explosion caused by the accident causes of "map". (4) have all kinds of reasons and entrainment of gas explosion fire starting point the accident causes: shooting flames found sealing and explosives and blasting equipment management is caused by two reasons most of the shooting flames. In addition, there are 36 accidents did not organize professional blasting work Training, 37 mine accidents occurred in daily operation command, neglect, condone illegal shooting behavior of workers, 38 mine accidents before blasting is not established or not required to execute the blasting operation instructions, these reasons prompted the formation of habitual peccancy blasters blasting behavior. Analysis of the causes of electric spark, the operation of electrical equipment failure the explosion (17), electrical equipment maintenance charged (9) is the main reason of accidents caused by unsafe action directly.17 unsafe state reasons there are 16 kinds of electrical equipment which belongs to the electric coal drill blasting, cable joint Ming (11) up to 41, mine accidents in 36 mine power supply is not installed advanced atresia and cut off the power supply control equipment that mine accidents general lack of awareness of power supply locking effect. In addition, due to lack of mine accidents of the electrical equipment and cable maintenance (38), explosion-proof electrical equipment whole life The use and management of life cycle (21), maintenance of electrical equipment ledger (19) and other related provisions, leads to a large number of live maintenance safety action and loss of critical electrical equipment. Analysis of the causes of fire and heat radiation, most accidents because not regularly check the integrity of the closed and air leakage, did not take prevention of air leakage in goaf measures (7), there is a long-term coal spontaneous combustion or the presence of fire did not take a warning for fire prevention measures for underground (6) and closed (7), ignore the damage of goaf roof water temperature rise, such as spontaneous combustion (6) signs of insecurity caused by the action of another. In 13 cases, only 3 accidents of mine goaf is not installed or the temperature detection alarm system and fire prevention system, that is not mine accident engineering and technical means are not in place, but the management is not implemented. Analysis of the causes of friction spark hair Now, for the prevention of friction spark impact, to avoid the collision of the direct operation of metal equipment, pay attention to the installation position of electrical and mechanical equipment, and maintenance management, especially the spare mechanical and electrical equipment integrity, and the importance of roof management in three aspects. At the same time, should emphasize the friction spark impact may occur in the staff training in (8). (5) the gas explosion accident caused by various reasons and laws of gas accumulation: analysis of causes of mine caused the insufficiency of air supply, direct management staff and even mine management staff is mainly caused by the insufficiency of air supply in the decision of mine. Mine management staff due to the lack of related knowledge of mine ventilation lead mine, unauthorized outage (8), without the use of mechanical ventilation (7), super layer mining (6) or (3) ultra ability mining occurred frequently, which leads to the insufficiency of air supply. The analysis result of mine local ventilation Found the reasons for the confusion management, the tunneling working surface without the use of local fan (9), local fan installation location error cause wind circulation (8) is mainly caused by the unsafe action of effective working face air insufficient; 43 accidents in the main unsafe state involving three, 30 times the with the local fan, and the air duct on the 15, the other 5 and ventilation structures; accordingly, reflecting the mine accidents more workers lack such as local fan causes and harm of pull wind circulation (15), the harm at local ventilator stop (8) and other safety knowledge; at the same time ventilation area common failing to fulfil its responsibility, local fan installation, use, management (16), hairdryer use, inspection, maintenance and management (15) and other relevant provisions also exist many shortcomings. By analyzing the reasons that ventilation system is not reasonable, miningventilation The error caused by partial structures set up with the wind site wind (5) caused the 5 accidents, reflecting the lack of knowledge of the staff for the ventilation; in addition, in 7 cases with no ventilation system design or design unreasonable, or because there is no in the roadway through the timely adjustment of wind path (2). Due to the roadway through the ventilation system. The disorder caused by tunnel blockage causes analysis of dangerous roadway congestion, employees lack the understanding is the result of not developed or not required to implement the relevant provisions of the management of roadway maintenance (4), or in the tunnel pumping not prepare safety measures before drainage (1) the main reason analysis. The gas emission caused by the improper reason that the cancellation of "gas (6) and random stop local fan (4) is the main cause of unsafe action of gas accumulation, but the reason is not developed or not required to perform gas drainage The relevant provisions of the relevant provisions and measures of local ventilator management. Analyze the causes of abnormal gas emission is found, although unusual gas emission is the unexpected events, but in the actual accident, as early as before the accident has obvious signs, but the staff was ignored, such as in daily operation are often found in roadway rockburst or abnormal gas emission not to take measures, or in the high gas mine (or high gas area of low gas coal mine mining, gas) without advance drainage. Find the reason analysis of the causes of the confined space of gas accumulation, gas concentration and prevention of gas accumulation in the confined space monitoring and Countermeasures should be confined space when mining near the enclosed space, take safe and effective technical measures, avoid starting from this two aspects of the confined space gas. In 22 cases, there were 12 accidents in mine monitoring confined space gas concentration. 10 mine accident situation, close to the confined space in the mining, did not take effective safety measures is more unsafe action. Cause analysis of blasting gas accumulation, 5 accidents are not set before shooting of blasting operation manual, 3 accidents after blasting without proper ventilation measures, without guns the smoke, did not check the gas concentration on the back of the working face, which shows the importance of inspection and management personnel are on duty blasting work does not recognize the preparation instructions and after blasting gun. The causes of the gas concentration inspection found that the lack of check gas concentration in this part of the process of the existence of 74% accidents, and failed to timely found that the gas concentration overrun. In 78 cases there are "Fireboss on duty did not check the gas concentration before operation, 63" accident "operation before the inspection of gas concentration"; From the physical point of view, near the 43 accident locations without gas sensor, 32 accidents of mine staff does not carry a portable gas detection instrument, damaged 29 mine gas monitoring system, thus affecting the gas inspection work. The reason basically is the accident of mine staff failed to understand the importance of the inspection of gas in accordance with the provisions of the reflect caused. In the safety management system deficiencies, there are 54 accidents of mine Fireboss not equipped with enough, 47 in the coal mine safety inspection system does not explicitly require the employees to check the portable gas detection instrument wear. (6) suggested that the application of a reason of gas explosion accident analysis results. For single accident reason analysis the results can be used for the application of case teaching. For the cause of the accident statistics, due to the statistical analysis has been the cause of all kinds of gas explosion accident in a period of time, can be based on Safety checks for various reasons are used to check whether the production well is effective in preventing the causes of past accidents, and to understand the causes of the accidents in high frequency, or the types of causes that may be missed, so that we can take specific preventive measures.

【学位授予单位】：中国矿业大学(北京)
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：TD712.7

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