多煤层开采条件下边采边复技术研究

发布时间：2018-07-04 15:12

本文选题：多煤层开采 + 边采边复　；参考：《中国矿业大学(北京)》2017年博士论文

【摘要】：能源是人类社会经济发展的物质基础,在我国已探明的能源资源储量中,煤炭、石油和天然气分别占94%、5.4%和0.6%,呈现出鲜明的富煤、少油、贫气的资源特点,这就决定了煤炭资源在我国能源结构中的主体地位,2015年我国煤炭产量达到了37.5亿吨,占世界煤炭生产总量的47.7%。但大量的煤炭开采在为国民经济做出巨大贡献的同时,也带来了诸多社会和环境问题,如土地沉陷、耕地减产或绝产、人地矛盾加剧等等。其中,地下煤炭开采对地面的沉陷影响尤为严重,我国有超过92%以上的煤炭产量来自于地下开采,而且大多采用走向长壁式全部跨落法管理顶板法,因此形成了众多的采煤沉陷地,据统计截止到2012年底,地下煤炭资源开采形成的沉陷土地达到了156万公顷,而且仍以每年约7万公顷的速度递增。尤其是在我国的五大高潜水位煤炭基地,多煤层开采广泛存在,加之当地较高的地下潜水位埋深,多煤层重复采动后地面沉陷影响更加严重,致使采煤沉陷后地面极易出现积水。而这五大高潜水位煤炭基地所在地区均为我国的粮食主产区,即煤粮复合区,据统计分析,我国煤炭资源和耕地资源的重叠面积占耕地总面积的42.7%,多煤层开采形成的沉陷积水,将致使耕地受影响比例将会更高,复垦治理难度更大,从而严重影响当地的耕地数量和粮食安全。目前对采煤沉陷地采取的复垦治理,大多是在煤炭全部开采结束地面稳沉后再进行,这时大面积耕地已沉入水中而丧失耕种能力,同时珍贵的表土资源也受到积水的浸没,营养成分有所流失,而且需进行水下施工,同时在平原地区可用于充填复垦的物料相对较少,并不能将沉陷积水区百分之百恢复为耕地,进而导致复垦后耕地率低、耕地质量差、复垦成本高、复垦周期长等问题。因此提出了井工煤矿边采边复技术,该技术能够有效的保护珍贵的耕地资源、提高复垦耕地率、降低复垦成本、充分合理的利用土地资源,对高潜水位煤地区的采煤沉陷地治理起到了极大的促进作用,经过多年的不断研究探索,取得了很多显著性的成果,但多煤层开采下边采边复研究相对较少。因此,本研究从地面复垦治理的角度研究分析了多煤层开采条件下地面沉陷影响特征,在此基础上,对复垦布局进行了初步规划,并以土方平衡为标准优选出最佳复垦布局,然后分析了多煤层开采条件下复垦工程实地施工时,动态复垦施工标高的影响因素,进而构建了多煤层开采下动态复垦施工标高理论和数学模型,最后考虑地面保护和土地复垦工作的现实需要,研究了地下开采方案调整的途径和具体方法,从而得出以下研究结论:(1)研究分析了多煤层开采下对地面产生的沉陷影响特征多煤层开采条件下,地面最终沉陷影响情况是多个煤层单独开采引起的沉陷影响在地面上的叠加,根据各煤层单独开采引起的地面沉陷影响,通过空间叠加,研究分析了多煤层开采条件下,地面沉陷损毁最终范围、不同区域受扰动影响的次数和对应的扰动煤层,结果表明地面不同区域受煤层开采的扰动次数和开采煤层各不相同,即使受开采扰动的次数相同,其对应的扰动煤层也会有所不同。根据多煤层开采条件下地面不同区域受煤层开采影响时间的不同,研究分析了多煤层开采条件下,不同区域受煤层开采影响持续的总时间,以及相邻两开采煤层的时间间隔,发现地面不同区域受沉陷影响时间及其间隔会多种多样,即使受沉陷影响持续的总时间相同,但其间受开采影响的次数和时间间隔也不尽相同。根据各煤层开采对地面的沉陷影响,综合考虑沉陷前地面原始高程以及当地的潜水位埋深情况,研究分析了多煤层开采条件下,地面不同区域出现积水的时间以及对应开采的煤层,结果显示地面不同区域出现积水的时间会有所不同,而且随着积水区域受扰动次数的增加,积水深度会随之增加。通过实例分析了多煤层采煤沉陷对土地利用变化的影响,结果表明在高潜水位煤粮复合区,多煤层开采将对区域耕地面积、粮食产量和农业经济造成严重的影响。(2)优选出了多煤层开采下的最佳复垦布局根据多煤层重复采动对地面产生的沉陷影响特征,包括地面最终沉陷影响范围、不同区域受煤层开采扰动次数和对应煤层、沉陷影响时间及间隔和沉陷引起的地面积水情况等,初步规划了不同区域复垦后的土地利用类型(耕地和水域),即初步复垦布局中充填区和挖深区的范围。根据充填区稳沉后设计标高以及稳沉后地面最终沉陷情况,研究分析了充填区在两种不同复垦情境下所需充填土方和可获得的土方,并分别建立了两种情景下土方量的数学计算模型;挖深区可得到土方会随着地下煤炭的不断开采而逐渐减小,根据当地可挖掘取土高程、复垦时地面动态沉陷情况,研究分析了四种不同复垦情境下的土方损失情况,从而建立了挖深区可得到土方量的数学计算模型。根据初步规划的复垦布局,以及充填区和挖深区的挖填土方分析,在无外来土源和充填材料的情况下,不断优化复垦布局中充填区和挖深区的位置和范围,使挖填土方逐步趋于平衡,从而优选出最佳复垦布局,并提出了优选的一般流程和方法步骤。(3)构建了多煤层开采下动态复垦施工标高模型为了更好地指导多煤层开采下边采边复实地施工,保证复垦效果,提高复垦施工标高的可操作性,结合土壤重构理念和水土流失控制等,将动态复垦施工标高设计划分为三个阶段,即心土堆积标高、心土平整标高和表土平整标高,揭示了整个复垦施工标高设计过程中需要考虑的七大因素,包括充填区稳沉后设计标高,复垦施工时刻地面后续沉陷,充填区需要预留土方量,充填区面积,梯形堆积的坡度,当地表土的厚度,以及心土层和表土层的孔隙比。根据边采边复技术思想,兼顾心土堆积形状,以及复垦施工过程中不同阶段心土层和表土层孔隙比,分别构建了心土堆积标高、心土平整标高和表土平整标高的理论模型,为复垦工程的施工标高设计提供了科学合理的指导。利用动态沉陷模型和概率积分法基本原理,考虑多煤层开采下地面最终下沉量和地面动态下沉量的不同,分别建立了多煤层开采下心土堆积标高、心土平整标高和表土平整标高的数学计算模型,促进了多煤层开采下边采边复技术的实地应用实施。(4)研究了基于地面保护和复垦的地下开采方案调整需求和方法目前在地下煤炭开采规划时,主要是对地面重要的建(构)筑物、水体、铁路、井筒及工业场地等留设保护煤柱,从而制定相应的开采方案,较少将地面保护和复垦治理考虑进去,因此从为了有效的缓解人地矛盾,更好的保护珍贵的耕地资源,相对延长土地使用时间,保障一定的复垦施工规模,保证复垦施工的连续性、尽量避开雨季和冬季,考虑农作物生长时间、保障农民利益等方面,分析了对地下开采方案进行相应调整的必要性。利用采矿学基本原理,分析了地下煤炭资源开发时,从煤田的划分到单个工作面开采整个过程中,地下开采方案可以进行调整的10个方面,分别为井田划分,阶段和开采水平划分,阶段和水平间开采顺序和时间,煤层间、厚煤层分层间以及煤组间开采顺序和时间,矿井井巷布设,采区、盘区或带区划分,采区、盘区或带区间开采顺序和时间,区段或分带及工作面划分,工作面间开采顺序和时间,工作面内开采顺序和时间。结合地面保护和地下开采,研究分析了在特殊地下煤炭赋存情况,特殊原始地形条件,河流、沟渠、湖泊等分布,特殊地面积水条件和特殊季节条件5种不同情况下,对地下开采方案进行调整的具体方法,包括对多煤层开采厚度和时间间隔,工作面开采时间、推进方向和开采顺序等进行的适当调整。以安徽省丁集煤矿为实例,根据区域地表形态、河流沟渠分布情况,以及矿井已有开采规划,分析了充分利用当地原始地形特点和河流沟渠的排水功能,对地下开采方案进行调整的建议和具体方法,并对比分析了地下开采方案调整前后对地面的沉陷影响,结果表明通过地下开采方案的调整,可以更好的保护珍贵的耕地资源,延长一定时间内耕地使用时间,结合疏排水措施和边采边复技术拯救更多的耕地,从而保证粮食产量,减小采煤沉陷带来的经济损失。
[Abstract]:Energy is the material basis of human social and economic development. In China's proven reserves of energy resources, coal, oil and natural gas account for 94%, 5.4% and 0.6% respectively, showing distinct characteristics of coal rich, less oil and poor gas resources. This determines the main position of coal resources in China's energy structure. In 2015, the output of coal in China reached 37. .5 million tons, accounting for 47.7%. of the total amount of coal production in the world, but a large number of coal mining has made great contributions to the national economy, as well as a great deal of social and environmental problems, such as land subsidence, arable land reduction or extinction, and the intensification of human and land contradictions, among which the underground coal mining has a serious impact on the subsidence of the ground, more than 92% in our country. The above coal production comes from underground mining, and most of the coal mining subsidence land has been formed. According to the statistics by the end of 2012, the subsidence land of underground coal resources has reached 1 million 560 thousand hectares, and it is still increasing at an annual rate of about 70 thousand hectares. In China's five high water level coal base, multiple coal seam mining widely exists, coupled with the deep buried depth of the subsurface submersible position in the local area, the ground subsidence is more serious after the repeated mining of multiple coal seams, causing the ground to be easily accumulated after the coal mining subsidence. And the area of the five high water level coal bases is the main grain producing area of China, that is, According to statistical analysis, the overlap area of coal and cultivated land in China accounts for 42.7% of the total area of cultivated land, and the subsidence and water accumulation formed by multi seam mining will lead to higher proportion of cultivated land affected and more difficult to reclaim land, which seriously affects the quantity of cultivated land and grain safety in the area. The reclamation and treatment of reclamation, most of which are carried out after the subsidence of the ground at the end of the whole coal mining, when the large area of arable land has been immersed in the water and lost the ability to cultivate, and the precious topsoil resources are also immersed in the water, and the nutrient components are lost, and the construction of the materials should be used in the plain area to fill the reclaimed materials in the plain. Less, and can not restore the subsidence area one hundred percent to cultivated land, and then lead to low cultivated land rate, poor quality of cultivated land, high reclamation cost, long reclamation period and so on. Therefore, the edge recovery technology of well coal mine is put forward, which can effectively protect the precious cultivated land resources, improve the reclaimed cultivated land rate, reduce the cost of reclamation, and fully reduce the cost of reclamation. Rational use of land resources has played a great role in promoting the treatment of coal mining subsidence area with high latent water level. After years of continuous research and exploration, many remarkable achievements have been achieved, but there are relatively few researches on the bottom mining of multi seam mining. Therefore, this study has studied and analyzed multi coal seam from the angle of land reclamation and treatment. On the basis of mining conditions, the reclaimed layout is preliminarily planned, and the best reclamation layout is selected with the earth balance as the standard, and then the dynamic reclaiming factors of the dynamic reclamation are analyzed, and the dynamic recovery of the multiple coal seam mining is constructed. In the final consideration of the actual needs of ground protection and land reclamation, the ways and specific methods for the adjustment of underground mining schemes are studied, and the following conclusions are obtained: (1) the study and analysis of the characteristics of the ground subsidence caused by the multi seam mining under the conditions of multi seam mining and the final subsidence of the ground The subsidence affects the superposition of the subsidence caused by the separate mining of multiple coal seams. According to the influence of the ground subsidence caused by the separate mining of the coal seams, the final range of the ground subsidence damage, the number of disturbance affected by the different regions and the corresponding disturbed coal seams under the conditions of multi seam mining are studied and analyzed. It shows that the number of disturbed times of coal mining in different areas of the ground is different from that of mining coal, and the corresponding disturbed coal seam will be different even if the number of mining disturbance is the same. The duration of the coal seam mining, as well as the time interval between the two adjacent coal seams, found that the time and interval of the subsidence in different areas of the ground are varied, even if the total duration of the subsidence is the same, but the interval between the times and the time affected by mining is not the same. Under the influence of subsidence, considering the original ground height before subsidence and the burial depth of the local submersible position, the time of water accumulation in different areas of the ground and the corresponding coal seam under the condition of multi seam mining are studied and analyzed. The results show that the time of water accumulation in different areas will be different, and with the disturbance in the water accumulation area. The depth of water accumulation will increase with the increase of the number of coal. The effect of coal mining subsidence on the land use change is analyzed by an example. The result shows that the multi seam mining will have serious influence on the area of cultivated land, grain yield and agricultural economy. (2) the optimum reclamation cloth under multi seam mining is selected. According to the characteristics of the ground subsidence caused by repeated mining of multiple coal seams, including the influence range of the final ground subsidence, the number of disturbance times of coal mining and the corresponding coal seam, the time and interval of the subsidence and the ground area water caused by the subsidence, and so on, the land use types (cultivated land and water area) after reclaimed in different regions are preliminarily planned. According to the design elevation after the stabilization of the filling area and the final subsidence of the ground after the subsidence, the filling area and the available earthwork are studied and analyzed in the filling area under two different reclamation situations, and the mathematical calculation model of the earthwork in two scenarios is established, and the excavation depth is established. With the continuous mining of underground coal in the area, the area can be gradually reduced. According to the local excavation elevation and the dynamic subsidence of the ground during the reclamation, the soil loss situation in the four different reclamation situations is studied and analyzed, thus the mathematical model of the earthwork is established in the excavation depth area. As well as the excavation and filling soil analysis in filling and digging areas, the position and scope of filling area and digging deep area are continuously optimized under the condition of no external soil source and filling material, so that the excavation and filling areas are gradually balanced, and the best reclamation layout is selected, and the preferred general process and method steps are put forward. (3) construction of multi coal is constructed. In order to better guide the complex field construction at the bottom mining side of multi seam mining, ensure the effect of reclamation, improve the maneuverability of the reclaimed construction elevation, and combine the concept of soil reconstruction and soil erosion control, the dynamic reclamation construction elevation design is divided into three stages, namely, the elevation of the soil accumulation and the heart soil. There are seven factors that need to be considered in the course of the elevation design of the whole reclamation construction, including the design elevation of the filling area after the subsidence, the subsequent subsidence of the ground in the reclamation construction, the need to reserve the earthwork, the area of the filling area, the slope of the trapezoid accumulation, the thickness of the local topsoil, the soil layer and the topsoil. The theoretical model of the elevation of the soil accumulation, the elevation of the soil level and the height of the surface soil, which provides scientific and reasonable guidance for the construction elevation design of the reclamation engineering, is constructed according to the idea of edge mining and side mining, the shape of the heart soil accumulation and the porosity ratio of the soil layer and the surface soil layer in the different stages of the reclamation construction. Using the basic principle of dynamic subsidence model and probability integral method, considering the difference of the ground subsidence and the ground dynamic subsidence in the multi seam mining, the mathematical model of the elevation of the soil accumulation, the elevation of the earth level and the height of the surface leveling is established respectively. Application and implementation. (4) research on the adjustment requirements and methods of underground mining scheme based on ground protection and reclamation, at present, the main construction of underground coal, water, railway, wellbore and industrial site to protect coal pillars, and to formulate corresponding mining schemes, less ground protection and reclamation in the underground coal mining planning. In order to effectively alleviate the contradiction between human and land, better protect the precious arable land, prolong the land use time, guarantee the scale of the reclamation construction, guarantee the continuity of the reclamation construction, avoid the rainy season and winter as far as possible, consider the long time of the crops and guarantee the interests of the farmers, and analyze the underground Based on the basic principle of mining, the paper analyzes the 10 aspects of the underground mining scheme in the exploitation of underground coal resources, from the division of the coal field to the whole process of the single working face mining, which are the division of the well field, the division of the stage and the level of mining, the sequence of the stage and the level of the mining. And time, coal seam, thick seam layer and coal mining sequence and time, mine well roadway layout, mining area, disk area or zone division, mining area, disk area or zone mining sequence and time, section or zoning and working face division, mining sequence and time, mining sequence and time in working face. Combined with ground protection and underground The concrete methods for adjusting the underground mining plan under 5 different conditions, such as the distribution of special underground coal occurrence, special original terrain conditions, rivers, trenches and lakes, special ground water conditions and special seasonal conditions, are studied and analyzed, including the thickness and time interval of multi seam mining, the mining time of the working face, and the advance of the mining. With the proper adjustment of the direction and mining sequence, this paper takes Ding Ji Coal Mine of Anhui Province as an example. According to the regional surface morphology, the distribution of the river channel and the existing mining planning, the suggestions and specific methods for the adjustment of the underground mining scheme are analyzed, which make full use of the local original terrain features and the drainage function of the river channel. The influence of the underground mining scheme on the subsidence of the ground before and after the adjustment of the underground mining scheme is compared and analyzed. The result shows that through the adjustment of the underground mining scheme, it can better protect the precious arable land resources, prolong the time of the use of cultivated land within a certain time, and save more arable land by combining the drainage measures and edge recovery technology, so as to ensure the grain yield, Jian Xiaocai The economic loss caused by coal subsidence.
【学位授予单位】：中国矿业大学(北京)
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：TD82;TD88

【参考文献】