干旱区露天煤矿扬尘排放特征及其对周边植物的影响

发布时间：2019-01-13 07:47

【摘要】：本文以准东煤田露天矿区为研究区域,选取了研究区内五彩湾露天矿、红沙泉露天矿、大成煤矿的堆煤场、排土场,以及矿区周边铺装道路、未铺装道路作为起尘的研究对象,分别利用经验公式对堆煤场、排土场以及道路起尘量进行估算,并利用高斯烟羽扩散模型对研究区内扬尘扩散规律进行模拟,利用PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)数据对扩散规律进行验证,同时利用矿区内PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)数据分析研究区大气颗粒物空间分布特征和时间变化规律,并在煤化工厂附近选取绿化树种榆树和梭梭,研究其在煤灰处理下净光合速率、气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度、蒸腾速率的变化情况,以得出露天矿开采下扬尘对植被的影响程度,最终,我们得出以下结论:堆煤场较排土场有高的起尘量,而风速是除了含水量以及面积以外影响起尘的重要因素,铺装道路与未铺装道路起尘量分别为14.02 kg·km~(-1)·辆~(-1)、42.35kg·km~(-1)·辆~(-1),高物料量是导致道路起尘量高的直接因素,而道路条件以及车辆行驶状况等因素有助于准确估算道路起尘量;堆煤场较排土场也具有高的扩散浓度,湍流对扬尘扩散有着重要影响,就高斯扩散模型而言,污染源的有效源高是导致排土场与堆煤场在扩散规律上不一致的根本原因,扬尘在铺装与未铺装道路上有不同的扩散规律,风速、道路与风向的夹角是导致这种不同的主要原因;研究区空气颗粒物浓度高值主要集中在矿区较为集中区域和道路周围,而研究区中部高植被覆盖的荒漠区则有较低的颗粒物浓度,露天煤矿的开采对空气颗粒物的增加有推动作用;煤灰处理下榆树和梭梭的净光合速率、蒸腾速率都有不同程度的降低,而胞间CO2浓度则增加,气孔导度并未发生显著变化,在煤灰处理下,造成植被光合降低并不是气孔因素,而梭梭较榆树有更高的耐受性和生存适应能力。长期有效的监测以及精准的受控实验是研究露天煤矿区扬尘起尘、扩散,及影响扩散的因子和其对周边植被影响的有效手段。
[Abstract]:In this paper, taking the open pit area of Zhundong coalfield as the research area, the paper selects Wucaiwan opencast mine, Hongsha Quan open-pit mine, Dacheng coal mine heap coal yard, dump site, and the surrounding paving road of the mining area, unpaved road as the research object of dust-raising, the research object is Wucaiwan opencast mine, Hongshaquan open-pit mine and Dacheng coal mine. Using empirical formulas to estimate the amount of dust in coal dump, dump and road, and using Gao Si smoke plume diffusion model to simulate the diffusion law of dust in the study area, and using PM_ (2. 5), PM_ (10) data was used to verify the diffusion law, and PM_ (2.5) and PM_ (10) data were used to analyze the spatial distribution and temporal variation of atmospheric particulates in the study area. The changes of net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, intercellular CO2 concentration and transpiration rate were studied in the vicinity of coal chemical plant, and the influence of dust under open-pit mining on vegetation was also studied in order to study the changes of net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, intercellular CO2 concentration and transpiration rate in the vicinity of coal chemical plant. Finally, we come to the following conclusion: the coal dump has a higher amount of dust than the dump, and the wind speed is an important factor that affects dust in addition to the water content and the area. The dusting capacity of paved and unpaved roads is 14.02 kg km~ (-1) and 42.35kg km~ (-1) respectively. The road conditions and vehicle driving conditions are helpful to accurately estimate the amount of dust on the road. The coal dump has a higher diffusion concentration than the dump, and turbulence has an important influence on the diffusion of dust. As far as Gao Si diffusion model is concerned, the effective source height of the pollution source is the fundamental reason leading to the inconsistent diffusion law between the dump and the coal dump. There are different diffusion laws between pavement and unpaved road, and the wind speed and the angle between road and wind direction are the main reasons for this difference. The high concentration of particulate matter in air in the study area is mainly concentrated in the mining area and around the road, while in the desert area with high vegetation cover in the middle of the study area, the concentration of particulate matter is relatively low. The mining of opencast coal mines can promote the increase of air particulate matter. The net photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate of elm and Haloxylon ammodendron treated with coal ash decreased to some extent, while the concentration of intercellular CO2 increased, and the stomatal conductance did not change significantly. Under coal ash treatment, the decrease of vegetation photosynthesis was not a stomatal factor. Amoxylon ammodendron had higher tolerance and survival adaptability than elm. Long-term effective monitoring and accurate controlled experiments are the effective means to study the dust raising, diffusion, influencing factors and its influence on the surrounding vegetation in opencast coal mines.
【学位授予单位】：新疆大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：X752;Q948

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