湖南省典型乡镇饮用水水源地的调查与评价

发布时间：2018-02-26 11:43

  本文关键词： 饮用水 水源地 农村 环境质量 基础调查 评估　出处：《湘潭大学》2013年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：饮用水安全是一个非常重要的问题，与人们的健康安全以及国家的安定和谐密切相关。随着我国经济的快速发展，较大程度上开发水资源导致了水体污染日益严重，也使饮用水安全成为了当今研究的热点。目前我国农村饮用水基础状况和污染状况不清，水环境监管体系不完善，环境管理基础薄弱。因此，迫切需要开展农村饮用水水源地基础环境状况调查与综合评估，开展饮用水水源地环境保护工作。 本论文针对湖南省118个典型乡镇集中式饮用水水源地，收集环保部门2008年历史监测数据并结合2009年6月15日统一开展的118个典型乡镇饮用水水源地的同步监测数据，调查了饮用水水源地基础环境状况，评价了饮用水水源地水质状况，评估了饮用水水源地综合环境问题，提出了湖南省乡镇饮用水水源地环境管理对策。论文的主要研究结论如下： （1）湖南省农村饮用水水源以河流型饮用水水源为主（51个，占43.2%），其次为地下水饮用水水源（44个，占37.3%）和湖库型饮用水水源（23个，占19.5%）。地下水型饮用水水源地保护区人口密度最大，河流型次之，湖库型最少，，分别为1640.79、1177.48和254.52人/平方公里；湖南典型乡镇饮用水水源地供水结构以生活用水为主，人均日生活用水量119.25升，主要供水方式为地下暗管直接输送入户，水质处理率为61.0%；典型乡镇饮用水水源地涉及135家工业污染源，共排放工业废水2190.436万吨，占水源地废水总排放量的55.9%；排放6025.98吨COD，占总排放量的27.9%；排放氨氮1095.89吨，占总排放量的35.7%。 （2）典型乡镇饮用水水源地主要超标污染因子为总大肠菌群、粪大肠菌群、氨氮、铁、锰、溶解氧、总磷和总氮。118个典型乡镇饮用水水源地监测结果中，符合Ⅲ类水质标准的水源地93个，达标率为78.8%。其中湖库型水源地达标率为95.7%，河流型水源地达标率为92.2%，地下水水源地达标率为54.5%。 （3）基于饮用水水源地环境禀赋、污染状况、环境监管和环境风险等指标层，综合评价全省典型乡镇饮用水水源地环境状况。结果表明，河流型水源地环境禀赋较好，地下水型水源地环境禀赋较差；河流型水源地水质达标率较高，地下水型水源地水质达标率较低；典型乡镇饮用水水源地水质主要受生活源和其它非点源影响；水源地环境监管能力差、保护区管理滞后；饮用水水源地的环境风险较大。 （4）饮用水水源地环境管理的相应对策应包括调整产业结构和布局；淘汰工艺落后，推动废水集中治理；推进清洁生产和循环经济；大力采用资源利用率高、污染物产生量少的清洁生产技术、工艺和设备；加大重点区域和企业的监管力度；严格关停整治饮用水源保护区内以及对饮用水源水质有影响的污染企业并加强跟踪监管；建立水源地监控预警对策等。
[Abstract]:The safety of drinking water is a very important issue, which is closely related to the health and safety of people and the stability and harmony of our country. With the rapid development of our economy, the exploitation of water resources to a large extent has led to increasing water pollution. At present, the basic condition and pollution of drinking water in rural areas are not clear, the supervision system of water environment is not perfect, and the foundation of environmental management is weak. It is urgent to carry out the investigation and comprehensive assessment of the basic environmental conditions of the rural drinking water sources and to carry out the environmental protection work of the drinking water sources. Aiming at 118 typical township drinking water sources in Hunan province, this paper collects the historical monitoring data of environmental protection department on 2008, and combines with the synchronous monitoring data of 118 typical township drinking water sources developed in June 15th 2009. The basic environmental conditions of drinking water sources are investigated, the water quality of drinking water sources is evaluated, and the comprehensive environmental problems of drinking water sources are evaluated. The environmental management countermeasures of drinking water sources in villages and towns in Hunan Province are put forward. The main conclusions of this paper are as follows:. (1) the main sources of drinking water in rural areas of Hunan Province are river drinking water sources (51 sources, 43.22%), groundwater drinking water sources (44 sources, 37.3%) and lake and reservoir drinking water sources (23 sources, 19.50.The population density of groundwater drinking water source protection areas is the highest. The river type was the second, the lake and reservoir type was the least, which was 1640.79 / km2, 1177.48 and 254.52 people / km2, the water supply structure of drinking water sources in typical villages and towns in Hunan was mainly composed of domestic water, and the daily daily water consumption per capita was 119.25 liters. The main mode of water supply is the underground underground pipe, the water quality treatment rate is 61.0%, the drinking water source of typical villages and towns involves 135 industrial pollution sources, and twenty-one million nine hundred and four thousand and three hundred and sixty tons of industrial waste water is discharged. It accounts for 55.9% of the total discharge of wastewater from the water source, 6025.98 tons of COD, accounting for 27.9% of the total discharge, and 1095.89 tons of ammonia nitrogen, accounting for 35.775% of the total discharge. 2) Total coliform bacteria, fecal coliform bacteria, ammonia nitrogen, iron, manganese, dissolved oxygen, total phosphorus and total nitrogen were the main pollution factors in drinking water sources of typical towns. There are 93 water sources in accordance with the water quality standards of class 鈪

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