从“岁尽增年”到“岁初增年”——中国中古官方计龄方式的演变

发布时间：2017-12-31 05:35

本文关键词：从“岁尽增年”到“岁初增年”——中国中古官方计龄方式的演变　出处：《历史研究》2015年02期 　论文类型：期刊论文

【摘要】：中国古代尤其是中古时期,官方年龄与民间年龄计算方法的最大区别在增年的时间节点上。最迟从汉武帝时代开始,民间形成了以岁首元日即农历春节为节点的增年方式;官方则因应户籍制度的设计,以民众著籍亦即官府造籍的标准时间为增年节点。《史记·仓公列传》淳于意称"臣意年尽三年,年三十九岁",岳麓秦简0552说爽"尽廿六年廿三岁",都是按官方增年方式计算年龄。由于造籍标准时间不同,官方的增年时间节点也会随之变化。秦汉时期八月造籍,官方年龄就以八月增年;唐代在造籍年的前一年年末预报"来年手实",造籍的标准时间实际上是在正月。至迟从唐代起,官方年龄已经变成了岁初增年,制度与礼俗最终合二为一。
[Abstract]:In ancient China, especially in the middle ancient period, the biggest difference between the official age and the folk age calculation method was on the time node of increasing age. The folk formed the way of increasing the number of years, that is, the first yuan day of the year, that is, the Spring Festival of the lunar calendar. According to the design of the household registration system, the official took the standard time for the establishment of the official register as the node of increasing the number of years. Yuelu Qin Jian 0552 says Shuang is "as old as twenty-six years and twenty-three years old." they all calculate the age according to the official increase in age. Due to the difference in the standard time for the establishment of nationality, the official age node will also change. In the Qin and Han dynasties, in August, the nationality was created. The official age is increased by August; At the end of the year before the founding year of the Tang Dynasty, the standard time for the establishment of the registry was actually on January. Since the Tang Dynasty at the latest, the official age has been increased at the beginning of the year, and the system and customs have finally merged into one.
【作者单位】：北京师范大学历史学院;
【基金】：教育部新世纪优秀人才支持项目“孙吴乡里社会研究——以走马楼吴简为中心”(项目号16710221)的阶段性成果
【分类号】：P19;K23
【正文快照】： 现代中国人常用的年龄计算方法有两种:周岁是以出生时为零岁,每过一次公历生日增一岁;虚岁是出生当年为一岁,每过一个农历新年即我们通常说的春节就增加一岁。除了始生计数的差异外,两者最大区别就在增年时间节点上;由于计龄方法不同,周岁与虚岁往往相差一至两岁。①在现行法

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