《历象考成》对《崇祯历书》日月和交食理论的继承与发挥

发布时间：2018-01-31 00:56

本文关键词： 天文学本轮均轮视差西学东渐　出处：《内蒙古师范大学》2014年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：从明末西方天文学传入中国开始，，中国学者便对其进行了全面的解读、理解与会通。而《历象考成》就是由康熙帝亲自招集梅tt成、何国宗等大批学者，在荣亲王允禄、庄亲王允祉的主持下对西方古典天文学理论重新整理、编订的一部著作，是中国学者学习西方天文学几十年来主要成就的集中体现，代表了中国学者特别是官方学者对西方天文学的选择、理解与价值取向。目前学界对《崇祯历书》与《西洋新法历书》研究较多，而关于《历象考成》尚欠缺全面的挖掘整理。本文首次全面梳理了《历象考成》中的日、月、日食、月食各部分的具体内容，详细分析了该书对《崇祯历书》所做的继承与改进，特别对于日差、月亮四小轮模型、地影半径的酌改之法、白平象限、白道视差等重大改进之处进行了细致的分析与对比，力求将《历象考成》中各部分内容的具体算法与论证方式完整的展现在读者眼前。本文在严格的内容分析与对比的基础上，对于《历象考成》的学术意义和历史地位给予重新的评价，同时对清初官方天文学家对待西方天文学的态度、研究水平、价值取向、及其历史局限性给予进一步的探讨。论文共分为四章。第一章对《历象考成》中的太阳运动理论进行梳理。《历象考成》将《崇祯历书》中的偏心圆模型改为双小轮模型，此外对于日差、近地点运动模型也都做出相应的改进。本章在前人研究的基础上，通过对原始文献的分析，系统阐释《崇祯历书》、《历象考成》等著作中的太阳运动理论及其算法的各种细节问题。第二章着重分析《历象考成》中的月运动理论。《崇祯历书》中的月运动理论描述较为模糊，其中包含托勒密、哥白尼、第谷等多种月运动模型，但其中的理论模型与计算表互不对应，矛盾之处较多。《历象考成》一改《崇祯历书》风格，内容安排更为明确、结构也更为合理，模型上做了较大改动，将原有的第谷模型改为四小轮模型，删除原文中一些冗余矛盾之处，同时又对一些天文常数如黄白交角变化值和黄白交点行度等利用天文模型做出了解释。本章在前人研究的基础上，通过分析原始文献，力求理清《崇祯历书》与《历象考成》中月运动模型的构造原理，以及《历象考成》作出的改进，并对中国官方天文学家的西方天文学研究水平及价值取向做出评价。第三章着重分析《历象考成》中的月食理论。《历象考成》中的月食理论是在《崇祯历书》的基础上进一步改编而成，其中内容包括交食原理、日月视半径、地影半径、月食食限、月食食分、月食时刻、月食方位几方面的内容，其中既有观测技术又有理论推算，将《崇祯历书》中的模糊之处进行了必要的改进。但不足之处是编撰时较为侧重于与编制历法直接相关的内容，而其它方面诸如西方天文学历史发展过程、相关的物理知识等则被大幅删减。本章通过分析原始文献，详细的介绍了月食理论中几何模型的建立及应用方式，详细分析了《历象考成》相对于《崇祯历书》所做的改进。第四章着重分析《历象考成》中的日食理论。《崇祯历书》与《历象考成》的日食理论包括食限、日食时刻、食分以及交食方位等几个方面。《历象考成》在具体运算中改进了《崇祯历书》中的视差理论，包括将黄道视差改为白道视差、黄平象限改为白平象限。论证过程逻辑严密、结构合理，体现出中国学者对西方几何模型熟练的应用。不足之处亦与月食部分相同，主要是弱化了《崇祯历书》中与编制历法无关的内容。总体而言，《历象考成》是中国官方学者在学习西方天文历法之后的一次整理及发挥，其本身比《崇祯历书》更为清晰、更为系统，说明中国学者经过数十年的学习已经掌握了西方古典天文模型应用技巧。但由于模型本身的陈旧，使得这一著作很快让位于更先进的椭圆模型。
[Abstract]:From the start China Chinese incoming Western astronomy, scholars have conducted a comprehensive interpretation of the understanding, the calendar as a test. While the < > is by the emperor Kangxi personally called Mei TT, a large number of scholars such as He Guozong, in honor of Wang Yunzhi under the auspices of Yunlu, Chuang Prince of the Western classical theory of astronomy to re organize and compile the book embodies decades the main achievements of western scholars studying astronomy Chinese, on behalf of the China scholars especially official scholars of Western astronomy, understanding and value orientation.
At present, scholars of the "Chongzhen Almanac" and "the Western calendar new law > more studies on < > calendar as a test is still lacking comprehensive mining. This paper first combs the < > in the calendar as a test day, month, the solar eclipse, the specific content of each part of the lunar eclipse, a detailed analysis of the inheritance and improvement of the book for < > Chongzhen, especially for the day, the moon four wheel model, shadow radius of action change method, white flat quadrant, were analyzed and compared in detail the major improvement way of disparity, and strive to be the" calendar as a test on the contents of each part of the specific algorithm and the way complete the show in front of readers. Based on the analysis and comparison of content strictly on the given re evaluation for < > calendar as a test of the academic significance and historical position, while the treatment of Western astronomy in early Qing Dynasty official astronomer attitude, research level, value orientation, and calendar Further discussion is given to the limitations of history.
This paper is divided into four chapters. The first chapter of < > in the calendar as a test of solar motion theory. Calendar as a test > < eccentric model > in the Chongzhen calendar to ferry model, in addition to date, the perigee motion model also make corresponding improvement. Based on the previous research this chapter, through the analysis of the original literature, systematic interpretation of < < > Chongzhen, details the theory and algorithm of the motion of the sun calendar as a test in other works. "
The second chapter focuses on the analysis of < > in the month calendar as a test. The movement theory of Chongzhen > in the month sports theoretical description is vague, including Ptolemy, Copernicus, Tycho and other month motion model, but the theoretical model and calculation table which do not correspond, contradictions more. Change the calendar as a test > < Chongzhen the almanac > style, the content arrangement is more clear, the structure is more reasonable, the model made larger changes to the original model of Tycho to four wheel model, remove some redundant contradictions in the original text, and explains some astronomical constants such as Huang Baijiao angle value and the intersection line of the yellow and white astronomical model. Based on previous research in this chapter, through the analysis of the original documents, to sort out the < > and < Chongzhen calendar as a test model in exercise > and < structure principle, improve the calendar as a test > made, and the Chinese official day The writer's western astronomical research level and value orientation are evaluated.
The third chapter focuses on the analysis of < > in the lunar calendar as a test theory. < > in the calendar as a lunar eclipse test theory is based on < > Chongzhen on further adapted, which include the principle of eclipse, the sun and the moon as the radius, shadow radius, lunar eclipse limit, lunar eclipse, a lunar eclipse on time the eclipse range of content, including both observation and theoretical calculation, the < > in the ambiguity Chongzhen was improved. But the disadvantage is more focused on the compilation is directly related to the preparation of the calendar, and other aspects such as the historical development process of Western astronomy, the physical knowledge is slash. Through the analysis of original documents, detailed introduction of the establishment and application of geometric model of eclipse theory, a detailed analysis of the calendar as a test with respect to < < > > do improve Chongzhen.
The fourth chapter focuses on the analysis of < > calendar as a test in the solar eclipse theory. < > and < Chongzhen calendar as a test > eclipse theory including the limit of eclipse, eclipse eclipse and eclipse time, range and other aspects. In the specific operation calendar as a test > improved < > in the Chongzhen parallax theory, including the disparity is white disparity, Huang Ping changed to white flat quadrant quadrant. The reasoning process is logical and reasonable structure, reflect the application of western scholars on the China geometric model of skilled. Shortcomings are also the same with the partial lunar eclipse is weakening "Chongzhen > and preparation of the calendar related content.
Overall, < > is the official calendar as a test China scholars after learning the western astronomy a collation and play its own than < > Chongzhen is more clear, more systematic, Chinese scholars that after decades of learning have mastered the skills of classical astronomy. But due to the Western model of the old model itself that makes this book quickly let in the elliptical model more advanced.

【学位授予单位】：内蒙古师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：P1-092

【参考文献】