地理环境信息监测中的能量有效无线传感器网络路由算法研究

发布时间：2018-05-11 23:11

本文选题：地理信息 + 无线传感网络　；参考：《成都理工大学》2014年博士论文

【摘要】：近年来随着数字地球、数字中国、数字城市、数字校园这些概念的新起，地理环境信息在人类生产生活中的作用越来越重要，被广泛的应用于灾害预警、环境检测、智能交通、基础设施管理、突发事件处理等领域[1]。地理环境信息和时间密切相关，需要及时的采集和更新，还可以从同一区域不同时间段内采集到的数据和信息中寻找出分布规律，作出相应的预测和预报。在采集地理环境信息时，要考虑保护生态环境、尽量减少对原生环境的影响，采集的数据数量大、种类多、具有连续性和实时性，而且建立地理环境信息监测系统还有低成本、方便快捷、无人值守等要求。无线传感器网络(Wireless Sensor Networks，WSN)是多学科知识与技术交叉融合形成的一种分布式智能网络系统，可对人们感兴趣的区域或目标进行智能化的监测和数据采集，它具备部署快捷、使用灵活、成本低，无人值守，且对监测区域不会造成过多的影响的特点[2]，这些特点符合我们对地理环境信息监测的需求，所以选择WSN进行地理环境信息监测是非常理想的。在无线传感网络中，传感器节点受到自身能量供应、带宽资源和部署方式等条件的限制，在网络的设计和管理有着不少的困难和挑战，在各种困难和挑战中，网络生存时间是非常突出的问题，由于网络中传感器节点由自身携带的电量有限的电池供电，一旦电池电量耗尽，网络就失效，因此高效利用有限能量，在维持网络性能的情况下尽可能的延长网络生存时间成了无线传感器网络中需要重点研究的问题之一。本文以延长网络生存时间为目的，从节约与均衡能耗的角度出发，对无线传感器路由进行深入的分析与探讨，希望通过相关的研究提供一种解决这个问题的途径和参考方案。路由协议是无线传感器网络的关键技术之一，也是无线传感网络节能研究领域里一个重要研究方向，路由协议在关注每个节点节能的同时还应该关注整个网络各节点能耗的均衡，，这样可以有效的延长网络的生命周期。在研究过程中，本文首先对无线传感网络的特点及将之应用于地理环境信息采集的优势进行了研究与总结，然后对无线传感器网络的发展、研究现状和应用情况进行充分的调研与总结；其次对网络节点耗能原因和节能策略做了分析与研究；随后从无线传感器网络的协议栈架构出发，分析和总结了网络各个协议层的耗能原因、节能关键技术及跨层次路由设计的优点和现状；最后对不同的路由协议进行了分析、研究和比较，对分簇路由中的LEACH协议及多种LEACH的改进协议的原理及不足之处做了详细的分析与研究，并在此基础上提出了优化设计，有效的提高了路由的性能。本文针对LEACH协议中组簇过程使用加入最近簇头的方式造成的分簇不均匀的缺点，提出了简单有效的成簇策略；对LEACH协议中簇头选择的随机性和不考虑剩余能量的缺点也提出了簇头选举的改进策略；同时针对LEACH协议中簇头使用单跳方式与基站进行通信的缺点，建立了一种簇间混合多跳路由模型（MMHBC）；最后根据分簇路由的一般设计过程，提出了一种基于非均匀分簇半径的双簇头混合多跳路由（NRDMMH）模型，对分簇过程中的簇头选举策略、分簇组簇策略、簇间路由选择及建立策略做了详细的设计；通过仿真验证，实验证明该模型能有效的节约节点能量、均衡网络能耗及延长网络生命期，具有十分重要的科学意义和应用价值。本文的主要贡献和创新如下：（1）提出了一种节点均匀分布状态下的均衡分配成簇策略（UDEM）。通过对分簇协议和经典成簇策略的研究与分析，提出了一种均衡分配成簇策略，研究与实验表明该成簇策略在节点均匀分布的状态下，能很好的保证分簇的均衡性；（2）提出了一种节点非均匀分布状态下的均衡分配成簇策略（UUDEM）。通过对分簇协议和经典成簇策略的研究与分析，提出了一种均衡分配成簇策略，研究与实验表明该模型在节点非均匀分布状态下，能很好的保障分簇的均衡性；（3）提出了一种簇间混合多跳路由模型（MMHBC）。通过对LEACH协议的研究与分析，针对LEACH协议中簇头与基站直接使用单跳方式通信而使距离基站较远的簇头节点能量过早耗尽的缺点进行改进，提出了一种簇间混合多跳路由模型，通过选择性进行单跳或多跳传输方式来均衡网络能耗。通过仿真实验分析，与LEACH的改进协议EEUC协议进行比较，该设计比EEUC来说，每轮平均能降低网络能耗18%、延长网络生命期近15%；（4）提出了一种基于非均匀分簇半径的双簇头混合多跳路由模型（NRDMMH）。通过对分簇路由实现的一般过程的研究与分析，提出了一种基于非均匀分簇半径的双簇头混合多跳路由模型，考虑了监测区域的分层、簇头分簇半径的计算、簇头的选举、组簇的方式、以及簇间路由的建立，研究与仿真实验表明，该模型与LEACH、 EEUC这两个经典模型进行比较，延长网络生命期近84%与18%，能有效的降低节点通信代价、均衡网络能耗。
[Abstract]:In recent years, with the new concept of digital earth, digital China, digital city and digital campus, the role of geographic information in human life is becoming more and more important. It is widely used in disaster early warning, environment detection, intelligent transportation, infrastructure management, process of incident processing and other fields of [1]. geographical information and time. It is necessary to collect and update timely, and to find out the distribution rules from the data and information collected in the same area at different time periods, and make the corresponding prediction and forecast. When collecting geographic information, we should consider the protection of the ecological environment and minimize the impact on the primary environment. The Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) is a distributed intelligent network system which is formed by the interdisciplinary integration of multidisciplinary knowledge and technology, which can carry out intelligence on people interested areas or targets. It has the characteristics of quick deployment, flexible use, low cost, unattended, and no excessive impact on the monitoring area, [2]. These features conform to the requirements of our geographic information monitoring, so it is very ideal to select WSN to monitor the geographic information.
In wireless sensor networks, sensor nodes are limited by their own energy supply, bandwidth resources and deployment methods. There are many difficulties and challenges in the design and management of the network. In various difficulties and challenges, the network survival time is a very prominent problem, and the amount of electricity carried by the sensor nodes in the network is carried by the sensor nodes. When the battery power is limited, the network becomes invalid once the battery is exhausted. Therefore, it is one of the key problems to use the limited energy to prolong the network lifetime in the condition of maintaining the network performance. This paper is aimed at prolonging the network survival time, from the angle of saving and balancing the energy consumption. Based on the analysis and discussion of wireless sensor routing, we hope to provide a way to solve this problem through related research.
Routing protocol is one of the key technologies of wireless sensor networks. It is also an important research direction in the field of energy saving research in wireless sensor networks. The routing protocol should pay attention to the energy consumption of each node in the whole network while paying attention to the energy saving of each node, so that the life cycle of the network can be extended effectively.
In the process of research, the characteristics of wireless sensor network and the advantages of applying it to geographic information collection are studied and summarized, and then the development of wireless sensor network, research status and application situation are fully investigated and summarized. Secondly, the reasons for energy consumption and energy saving strategy of network nodes are analyzed. And then, starting from the protocol stack architecture of wireless sensor network, this paper analyzes and summarizes the reasons for energy consumption of each protocol layer, the advantages and the status of the energy saving key technology and the cross layer routing design. Finally, it analyzes the different routing protocols, studies and compares the LEACH protocol in the cluster routing and the modification of a variety of LEACH. The principles and shortcomings of the protocol are analyzed and studied in detail. Based on this, the optimization design is proposed, which improves the performance of routing effectively.
In this paper, a simple and effective clustering strategy is proposed in this paper, which is a simple and effective clustering strategy by using the nearest cluster head in the cluster process of the LEACH protocol. The improvement strategy of cluster head election is proposed for the randomness of the cluster head selection and the disadvantage of the residual energy in the LEACH protocol. At the same time, the cluster head is used in the LEACH protocol. A hybrid multi hop routing model (MMHBC) is established for the single hop mode communication with the base station. Finally, according to the general design process of the cluster routing, a two cluster head hybrid multi hop routing (NRDMMH) model based on the inhomogeneous cluster radius is proposed. The cluster head election strategy, cluster cluster strategy and inter cluster route in the cluster process are proposed. The detailed design is made by selecting and establishing the strategy. Through the simulation, the experiment proves that the model can effectively save the energy of the nodes, balance the energy consumption of the network and prolong the life period of the network. It has very important scientific significance and application value.
The main contributions and innovations of this paper are as follows:
(1) a balanced distribution clustering strategy (UDEM) is proposed in the uniform distribution of nodes. By the research and analysis of the clustering protocol and the classical clustering strategy, a balanced allocation strategy is proposed. The research and experiment show that the clustering strategy can ensure the equilibrium of the cluster well in the uniform distribution of nodes.
(2) a balanced allocation clustering strategy (UUDEM) is proposed in the non-uniform distribution of nodes. By the research and analysis of the cluster protocol and the classical clustering strategy, a balanced allocation strategy is proposed. The research and experiment show that the model can ensure the equilibrium of the cluster in the non-uniform distribution of nodes.
(3) a hybrid multi hop routing model (MMHBC) is proposed. Through the research and analysis of the LEACH protocol, a new hybrid multi hop routing model is proposed, and a hybrid multi hop routing model is proposed for the cluster head and base station directly using single hop communication in LEACH protocol, and a hybrid multi hop routing model is proposed. Compared with the improved protocol EEUC protocol of LEACH, compared with the improved protocol of LEACH, this design can reduce the network energy consumption by 18% and prolong the network life period of nearly 15%, compared with the improved protocol of the EEUC.
(4) a double cluster head hybrid multi hop routing model (NRDMMH) based on the inhomogeneous clustering radius is proposed. By the research and analysis of the general process of clustering routing, a hybrid multi hop routing model based on the inhomogeneous cluster radius is proposed. It considers the stratification of the monitoring area, the calculation of the cluster head's cluster radius, and the cluster head. The mode of election, cluster, and the establishment of inter cluster routing, research and simulation experiments show that the model is compared with the two classical models of LEACH and EEUC, which can prolong the network life period of nearly 84% and 18%, which can effectively reduce the cost of node communication and balance the energy consumption of the network.

【学位授予单位】：成都理工大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：TN929.5;TP212.9

【参考文献】