无线传感器网络中LEACH路由协议的研究与改进

发布时间：2018-07-29 09:36

【摘要】：随着无线通信、集成电路、传感器以及微处理机电系统等技术的飞速发展和日益成熟,传感器信息获取技术已经从过去的单一化逐渐向集成化、微型化和网络化的方向发展。无线传感器网络(Wireless Sensor Network,WSN)因此应运而生,并且引起了全世界范围的广泛关注,其应用已经扩展到军事国防、工农业控制、公共安全、环境监测、城市管理、智能交通、医疗健康和反恐抗灾等诸多领域。然而,由于无线传感器网络中节点密度大,且一般安装在恶劣环境中,不易更换,其自带电池容易出现供能不足等情况,因此如何在能量受约束的情况下有效的延长网络生存周期成为了当前国内外学者研究的重要课题。传统的无线网络路由协议已经不适合新兴的无线传感器网络,故研究并设计一个能有效节约能源,延长网络生存周期的路由协议显得尤为迫切。本文以无线传感器网络为研究背景,介绍了无线传感器网络的体系结构、特点、关键技术以及应用,并以无线传感器网络路由协议作为研究方向,分析和探讨了其主要研究思路和分类,并对几种经典路由协议进行了介绍与对比。之后重点对低功耗自适应集簇分层型(Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy, LEACH)协议展开研究与分析,针对其簇头分布不均匀,节点能耗不均衡以及单跳路由通信等不足之处,提出了一种基于LEACH协议的改进协议。该协议以最优簇头数为标准将整个网络覆盖区域划分为分布均匀的多个子区域,避免了簇头分布不均匀；依旧采用LEACH协议“轮”的概念,将节点剩余能量作为簇头的选举标准,解决了节点能耗不均衡问题；在网络层次结构上引入“超级簇头”概念,并设置一个权值公式,当数据处于稳定传输阶段时,簇头结合权值公式选择一个权重较大的“超级簇头”作为下一个传输节点传输数据,最终将数据传送给基站,从而降低能耗,提高节点存活量。本文最后将结合无线传感器网络在灾情监控、森林防火等实际环境当中的应用情况,利用MATLAB软件模拟现实环境,将LEACH协议和改进协议进行仿真实验,通过对比仿真结果可以得出改进的协议能有效的均衡网络能耗,延长网络生存周期。
[Abstract]:With the rapid development and maturity of wireless communication, integrated circuits, sensors and micro processing and mechanical systems, sensor information acquisition technology has gradually developed from the past to integrated, miniaturized and networked. Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) arises at the historic moment. The wide range of attention has been made worldwide, and its applications have been extended to military and national defense, industrial and agricultural control, public safety, environmental monitoring, urban management, intelligent transportation, medical health, anti terrorism and disaster resistance and so on.
However, because of the large density of nodes in wireless sensor networks and generally installed in bad environment, it is difficult to replace the batteries, and their own batteries are prone to lack of energy supply. Therefore, how to prolong the network lifetime effectively under the constraint of energy has become an important topic for scholars at home and abroad. Routing protocols are not suitable for new wireless sensor networks, so it is very urgent to study and design a routing protocol that can effectively save energy and prolong the lifetime of network.
In this paper, based on wireless sensor network, the architecture, characteristics, key technologies and applications of WSN are introduced, and the research direction and classification of wireless sensor network routing protocol are analyzed and discussed, and several classic routing protocols are introduced and compared. The Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) protocol is studied and analyzed for the low power adaptive cluster hierarchical Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) protocol. In view of the inadequacies of the cluster head distribution, the uneven energy consumption and the single hop routing, a modified protocol based on the LEACH protocol is proposed. The protocol takes the optimal cluster head number as the standard to make the whole The network coverage area is divided into many subregions with uniform distribution, which avoids the uneven distribution of cluster heads. The concept of "wheel" of LEACH protocol is adopted, and the residual energy of the node is used as the election standard for the cluster head, and the energy imbalance problem of the nodes is solved. The concept of "super cluster head" is introduced into the network hierarchy and a weight value is set up. When the data is in the stable transmission stage, the cluster head combines the weight value formula to select a "super cluster head" with a larger weight as the next transmission node to transmit data. Finally, the data is transmitted to the base station, thus reducing energy consumption and increasing the node survival.
At the end of this paper, the application of wireless sensor network in the disaster monitoring, forest fire prevention and other actual environment, using the MATLAB software to simulate the real environment, the LEACH protocol and the improved protocol are simulated. By comparing the simulation results, the improved protocol can effectively balance the network energy consumption and prolong the network life cycle.
【学位授予单位】：昆明理工大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：TN929.5;TP212.9

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