量子信息隐藏协议研究

发布时间：2018-09-19 17:39

【摘要】：随着量子信息技术的迅猛发展,量子保密通信理论与实现技术的卓越研究成果给现有信息科学的研究带来了革命性的冲击,并引起了人们极大的关注。越来越多的科研人员积极投入到这个新兴的科研领域。尤其值得一提的是,信息隐藏也被引入到了这个备受瞩目的研究领域。量子信息隐藏以量子态作为传输信息的载体,利用量子信息和量子计算等量子力学手段来实现量子或经典秘密消息的隐藏／提取和隐蔽传输,其隐蔽性和安全性可以由量子力学基本原理得到保证。量子信息隐藏是信息隐藏与量子信息科学相结合的一个崭新的研究方向,也是信息安全技术研究中的新亮点,具有十分重要的研究价值和广阔的应用前景。本文借鉴经典信息隐藏理论和思想方法的精髓,结合具有无条件安全性的量子保密通信理论与技术,基于量子力学的基本原理和特性,使用量子信息科学手段,研究量子信息隐藏协议的关键基础理论及量子隐蔽信道协议和量子隐写协议的分析与设计。量子隐蔽信道协议和量子隐写协议是量子信息隐藏协议的两个重要分支,前者在其他的量子保密通信协议的通信信道中建立一条隐蔽信道来传递秘密消息；后者将秘密消息嵌入到其他看起来不相关的量子载体中,使之仅能够被预期的接收方读取。本文的具体研究工作如下： (1)研究了量子信息隐藏关键基础理论方面的一些内容,并取得了一些研究成果。首先,提出了量子隐蔽信道的概念,将隐蔽信道正式引入了量子信息领域；并借鉴经典信息按照用途分类的思想方法,将量子信息隐藏协议进行了分类。其次,在文中各个量子信息隐藏协议的性能分析部分研究了信息隐藏的性能评价指标在量子信息领域的新内涵。特别的,为了准确反映出量子资源的消耗和嵌入容量之间的关系,提出了一个定量评价嵌入容量的指标——隐蔽通信效率。再次,研究了对量子信息隐藏有着基础性支撑作用的量子直接通信协议,基于Grover搜索算法,设计了一个确定性安全量子通信(DSQC)协议和一个量子安全直接通信(QSDC)协议。 (2)分析了可以在QSDC信道中建立隐蔽信道的原因,并设计了个基于任意QSDC信道的量子隐蔽信道协议。首先,通过分析酉操作在QSDC协议中的作用和特性,指出了可以在QSDC信道中建立隐蔽信道的原因。因为酉操作在QSDC协议中不仅具有编码信息的功能,而且具有独立于量子态的普适性和保密性等特性,所以可以再次利用QSDC信道中使用过的酉操作建立一条只有通信双方知道的隐蔽信道来传输秘密消息。其次,设计了一个基于任意QSDC协议的量子隐蔽信道协议。该协议和给定的QSDC协议具有相同的容量,而且具有较好的普适性和较低的计算复杂度。最后,结合量子隐形传态协议,提出了一个传递量子信息的量子隐蔽信道协议。(3)借助于量子态纠缠交换的公式,深入研究了基于量子态纠缠交换的量子隐蔽信道协议。一方面,基于广义Bell态纠缠交换的输入态和输出态满足的关系式,设计了一个简单的秘密消息编码规则,并提出了一个不消耗任何辅助粒子的量子隐蔽信道协议。另一方面,指出了Qu等人提出的基于χ-型态纠缠交换的量子隐蔽信道协议存在的缺陷及其原因,并给出了改进方案。因为任意一个χ-型态与16个不同的χ-型态纠缠交换后可能的输出态有8组而不是16组不同的结果,所以难以一次编码一个4比特的秘密消息。为了解决这一缺陷,根据χ-型态纠缠交换的输入态和输出态满足的关系式提出了一个改进的量子隐蔽信道协议。与之前的基于量子态纠缠交换的隐蔽信道协议相比,该类协议不仅计算复杂度更低,而且不会消耗任何辅助量子态。 (4)为了进一步提高隐蔽通信效率,提出了一类基于多个二粒子正交量子态直积态的高效量子隐蔽信道协议。首先基于两个Bell态的直积态,提出了一个具有较低计算复杂度的秘密消息编码规则,并设计了一个具有普适性的高效量子隐蔽信道协议。为了进一步提高嵌入容量和隐蔽通信效率,将该协议进行了推广,提出了一类基于多个二粒子正交量子态直积态的高效量子隐蔽信道协议。性能分析表明,该类协议除了不消耗任何辅助量子态之外,还具有较好的可扩展性和较低的计算复杂度。当QSDC信道初始态序列中量子态个数不是太多时,该类协议具有较大的嵌入容量和较高的隐蔽通信效率。 (5)指出了一个基于GHZ4态的量子隐写协议(AMH协议)的编码规则存在的缺陷,分析了其原因,并给出了改进方案。AMH协议中给出的8组酉操作只能把GHZ4态变成6个而不是8个不同的量子态,因而使用其中的任何一组酉操作都无法精确编码一个3比特的秘密消息。为了解决这一问题,本文给出了可以将GHZ4态变成8个不同量子态的8组酉操作,成功实现每组酉操作编码一个3比特秘密消息的目的。
[Abstract]:With the rapid development of quantum information technology, the outstanding research results of quantum secure communication theory and implementation technology have brought revolutionary impact to the existing information science research and aroused people's great concern. Quantum information hiding uses quantum states as the carriers of information transmission, uses quantum information and quantum computation to hide, extract and transmit quantum or classical secret messages. Its concealment and security can be obtained from the basic principles of quantum mechanics. Quantum information hiding is a new research direction combining information hiding with quantum information science. It is also a new bright spot in information security technology research. It has very important research value and broad application prospects.
Based on the theory and characteristics of quantum mechanics and the quintessence of classical information hiding theory and thought method, this paper studies the key basic theory of quantum information hiding protocol, quantum covert channel protocol and quantum steganography association by using quantum information science method. Quantum covert channel protocol and quantum steganography protocol are two important branches of quantum information hiding protocol. The former establishes a covert channel to transmit secret messages in the communication channels of other quantum secure communication protocols, and the latter embeds secret messages into other seemingly unrelated quantum carriers. It can only be read by the intended receiver. The specific research work in this paper is as follows:
(1) The key basic theories of quantum information hiding are studied and some achievements are obtained. Firstly, the concept of quantum hidden channel is proposed, which is formally introduced into the field of quantum information. Secondly, the performance analysis part of each quantum information hiding protocol in this paper studies the new connotation of the performance evaluation index in the field of quantum information. In particular, in order to accurately reflect the relationship between the consumption of quantum resources and the embedded capacity, a quantitative evaluation index of the embedded capacity, namely the covert communication efficiency, is proposed. Secondly, the quantum direct communication protocol which is the basic support for quantum information hiding is studied. Based on Grover search algorithm, a deterministic secure quantum communication (DSQC) protocol and a quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) protocol are designed.
(2) This paper analyzes the reasons for establishing covert channel in QSDC channel, and designs a quantum covert channel protocol based on arbitrary QSDC channel. Firstly, by analyzing the role and characteristics of unitary operation in QSDC protocol, it points out the reasons for establishing covert channel in QSDC channel. Because of the function of information and the universality and confidentiality independent of the quantum state, we can use the unitary operation used in the QSDC channel to establish a covert channel that only the two parties know to transmit secret messages. Secondly, we design a quantum covert channel protocol based on arbitrary QSDC protocol. Finally, a quantum covert channel protocol for transmitting quantum information is proposed based on quantum teleportation protocol. (3) With the help of the formula of entanglement swapping of quantum states, quantum covert messages based on entanglement swapping of quantum states are studied in depth. On the one hand, a simple secret message encoding rule is designed based on the relation between input state and output state of generalized Bell state entanglement swapping, and a quantum covert channel protocol without any auxiliary particles is proposed. On the other hand, quantum covert based on_-type entanglement swapping proposed by Qu et al is pointed out. In order to overcome the shortcomings of the channel protocol, an improved scheme is proposed. It is difficult to encode a 4-bit secret message at one time because there are 8 sets of possible outputs of any_-type entanglement switching and 16 different_-type entanglement switching. An improved quantum covert channel protocol is proposed based on the relation between the input state and the output state. Compared with the previous covert channel protocols based on entanglement swapping of quantum states, this kind of protocol not only has lower computational complexity, but also does not consume any auxiliary quantum states.
(4) To further improve the efficiency of covert communication, an efficient quantum covert channel protocol based on the direct product states of two-particle orthogonal quantum states is proposed. Firstly, based on the direct product states of two Bell states, a secret message encoding rule with low computational complexity is proposed, and a universal and efficient quantum covert protocol is designed. In order to further improve the embedded capacity and the efficiency of covert communication, an efficient quantum covert channel protocol based on the direct product states of two-particle orthogonal quantum states is proposed. Low computational complexity. When the number of quantum states in the initial state sequence of QSDC channel is not too large, these protocols have large embedded capacity and high covert communication efficiency.
(5) The defects of a GHZ4-based quantum steganography protocol (AMH protocol) coding rule are pointed out, the reasons are analyzed, and an improved scheme is given. The eight sets of unitary operations given in AMH protocol can only transform GHZ4 states into six rather than eight different quantum states. Therefore, any one of the unitary operations can not accurately encode one. In order to solve this problem, eight sets of unitary operations, which can transform GHZ4 state into eight different quantum states, are presented. Each set of unitary operations can encode a 3-bit secret message successfully.
【学位授予单位】：北京邮电大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：O413.1;TN918

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