基于激光扫描的车轮轮廓测量仪软硬件设计

发布时间：2018-05-05 16:52

本文选题：轮对 + 几何参数　；参考：《北京交通大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：随着铁路事业的快速发展以及列车的不断提速,行车安全与人们生活日益密切。轮对是行车过程中决定安全和稳定的部件,轮缘高度、轮缘厚度、轮辋宽度、QR值等关键几何参数必须及时进行检测。国内外测量轮对踏面轮廓的测量方法分为动态在线测量以及静态测量。基于多个传感器的在线动态测量成本较高;传统的静态测量使用第四种检查器,测量效率低;自21世纪以来,电子设备、传感器领域的迅速发展,国内外研制了几种测量车轮几何轮廓的测量仪器,其原理以一维激光位移传感器和二维激光位移传感器为主:基于一维激光位移传感器的测量装置,用激光位移传感器获取纵向坐标,用紧密丝杆以及步进电机获取横向坐标;基于二维激光位移传感器的测量装置,采用图像处理的方法,获取轮廓,测量精度低于一维激光位移传感器的测量方法。本文以提高工作效率、兼顾经济成本的目的,结合国内外测量仪器的发展,本文设计了一种新的基于一维激光位移传感器扫描的车轮轮廓测量仪,移动扫描部分由精度为0.05mm的一维激光位移传感器和磁栅位移传感器组成。移动扫描部分每移动0.05mm,磁栅位移传感器发送信号,使激光位移传感器将测量数据通过蓝牙发送给平板电脑。扫描完成后,可以得到包括轮缘厚度、轮缘高度、轮辋宽度和QR值的几何参数。本文分析了该测量系统的随机误差和系统误差并进行了误差补偿,补偿后测量重复性误差小于0.05mm,各项测量参数的误差小于0.1mm。本文的基本工作如下:1.介绍了所使用测量系统并分析其测量原理。2.对我国现行机车轮缘踏面标准进行了说明,并计算出LM标准轮缘踏面在二位直角坐标系中的各点坐标值。3.对系统的电路、硬件进行了设计。编写了 Android系统测量软件。4.分析了测量系统中由光线通过玻璃折射后产生的系统误差以及由激光位移传感器产生随机误差,对系统误差进行了补偿。
[Abstract]:With the rapid development of railway and the increasing speed of trains, driving safety is becoming more and more close to people's life. Wheelset is the key component that determines the safety and stability in the driving process. The key geometric parameters such as the height of the wheel rim thickness rim width and QR value must be detected in time. The measuring methods of wheel tread profile at home and abroad can be divided into dynamic on-line measurement and static measurement. The cost of online dynamic measurement based on multiple sensors is high; the traditional static measurement uses the fourth type of detector, and the measurement efficiency is low; since the 21st century, the field of electronic equipment and sensor has developed rapidly. Several kinds of measuring instruments for measuring the geometric profile of wheels have been developed at home and abroad. The main principles of these instruments are one-dimensional laser displacement sensors and two-dimensional laser displacement sensors, which are based on one-dimensional laser displacement sensors. The longitudinal coordinate is obtained by laser displacement sensor, the transverse coordinate is obtained by tight wire rod and step motor, and the contour is obtained by image processing method based on the measuring device of two-dimensional laser displacement sensor. The measuring accuracy is lower than that of one-dimensional laser displacement sensor. In this paper, a new wheel profile measuring instrument based on one-dimensional laser displacement sensor scanning is designed in order to improve work efficiency and take account of economic cost and the development of measuring instruments at home and abroad. The moving scanning part consists of one dimensional laser displacement sensor with precision of 0.05mm and magnetic grating displacement sensor. For each move of 0.05mm in the mobile scanning section, the magnetic grating displacement sensor sends signals, which enable the laser displacement sensor to transmit the measurement data to the tablet computer via Bluetooth. After scanning, geometric parameters including flange thickness, rim height, rim width and QR value can be obtained. In this paper, the random error and systematic error of the measuring system are analyzed, and the error compensation is carried out. The error of repeatability is less than 0.05mm after compensation, and the error of each measurement parameter is less than 0.1mm. The basic work of this paper is as follows: 1: 1. The measuring system is introduced and its measuring principle is analyzed. The present standard of wheel flange tread of locomotive in China is explained, and the coordinate value of each point of LM standard flange tread in two right angle coordinate system is calculated. The circuit and hardware of the system are designed. The measuring software of Android system. 4. The system error caused by the refraction of light through glass and the random error produced by laser displacement sensor in the measurement system are analyzed. The system error is compensated.
【学位授予单位】：北京交通大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：TP212.9;U270.33

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