河西走廊地区民族变迁与生态演变

发布时间：2018-05-02 16:57

本文选题：河西走廊 + 民族变迁　；参考：《陕西师范大学》2008年硕士论文

【摘要】： 河西走廊地区的民族变迁史是一个极为复杂的问题,这不仅表现在先后活动于该地区的民族数量多,而且还表现在前后民族的相互混生交融。自古以来,在河西走廊地区活动过的民族到底有多少,这恐怕已无人能说得清楚。但从民族变迁之大势来看,这一地区民族变迁的主要线索又是十分清楚的。秦汉初期及其以前相当长的时间里,乌孙、月氏、匈奴与羌等游牧民族或者先后或者共同长期生活繁衍于此。自汉武帝派大军从匈奴手中夺取河西走廊地区之后,在匈奴等游牧民族人口大量迁出的同时中原农耕民族人口大量迁入。直到魏晋三百多年时间里,汉民族人口应该是该地区人口的主要组成部分。这样,河西走廊这片游牧民族的天然乐土第一次被开辟成了农耕民族的家园。从东汉中后期开始的诸族内徙一直到隋唐之初,这段时间河西走廊地区民族状况异常复杂,农耕民族人口由于丧失了强大中原王朝的支持,面对强大草原民族的侵扰,或被屠杀,或逃归或被同化,人口数量急剧下降。而与此同时,氐、羌、吐谷浑、鲜卑、柔然、突厥等民族分别从南、北两个方向渗透到该地区,从而使得河西走廊地区社会经济形态在相当程度上回复到了以游牧经济为基础的畜牧经济形态。隋、唐建立以后,中原王朝凭借强大的实力后盾,再次着手经营河西走廊及其以西的西域,汉民族人口再一次大规模的进入河西走廊,该地区的农耕经济迅速得以恢复、发展,农业社会系统再次重建。公元8世纪中叶以后,随着中原王朝与吐蕃实力对比关系的变化,该地区逐渐落入吐蕃之手。维持了近一个半世纪的以汉民族为主导的河西走廊地区又开始了长期的吐蕃化时代,农业社会系统再一次瓦解。继吐蕃之后,党项、蒙古等游牧民族又相继控制这一地区,直到公元十四世纪中后期明朝控制并开发河西走廊中、东部。全过程约600余年。从明代到现在,河西走廊地区一直牢牢地控制在统一的中原王朝手中,大批汉族农民又一次在中央政府的统一安排下或相关政策的鼓励下进入河西走廊地区,进行农业开发。经过中原汉族移民600多年的开发经营,到今天,河西走廊地区已经彻底的由历史上纯粹的游牧民族天然乐土变成了农业民族的家园。任何部落、民族要想在自己所处的环境中生存、发展,都得开发、利用当地的水土资源,而且还得要找到适应自己所处地理、气候等环境的开发利用水土资源方式。也就是说在不同的自然环境下会形成不同的水土资源开发利用方式。这是自然环境因素对人类行为在本质上的规定与约束。特定的水土资源开发利用方式一旦形成,它就会得到熟悉它的人们在相同或相似甚至差异较大的环境中长期固守。比如北方草原游牧民族南下进入农耕地区,他们就不会放下马鞭而抄起锄头进行农业生产,至少不会在短时间内这样做。同理,农耕民族亦然。由于河西走廊地区特殊的地理区位以及水土等自然条件,自古以来就是农耕汉民族与游牧民族竞相争夺的地区。伴随着农牧民族交替入主该地区,就必然引起区域内水土资源开发利用方式的更替变迁。即如果农耕民族进入该地区就会大力推行自己所熟悉的农耕这种水土资源开发利用方式,相反游牧民族则大力推行畜牧这种水土资源开发利用方式。这样就形成了河西走廊地区历史上农牧两种水土资源开发利用方式的反复交替推行、采用的现象。尽管从另一方面来看,人类对自然环境的开发利用,在一定范围内是拥有相当自由的,即在开发、利用的方式以及手段的选择上具有一定范围的自由。但这种自由度本身是随着区域自然生态环境差异程度不同而有所不同的。区域自然生态环境越脆弱,人们开发利用它的自由度就越小,反之越大。对于像河西走廊这样的自然生态环境极度脆弱的地区,这种自由度可以说是极其有限。因此,在河西走廊地区,由于居民民族成分变迁而导致的水土资源开发利用方式的变化,最后又会引起当地自然生态环境的不同性质的演变。
[Abstract]:The history of ethnic changes in the Hexi corridor area is a very complicated problem, which is not only manifested in the number of ethnic groups which have been active in the region, but also in the blending of the ethnic groups. The main clue of the transition of the region is very clear. In the early period of the Qin and Han Dynasties and the long time before the Qin and Han Dynasties, the nomadic people, such as the Wusun, the Xiongnu and the Qiang and other nomadic people of the Xiongnu, had long lived and multiplied. In the more than 300 years of the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the population of the Han nationality should be the main component of the population in the region. The natural music of the nomadic people of the Hexi corridor was first opened up as the home of the farming nation. In the early period of the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the ethnic situation in the Hexi corridor area was very complex, and the population of the farming ethnic group had lost the support of the powerful Central Plains Dynasty, faced with the harassment, or the massacre, or the assimilation of the strong grasslands. At the same time, the people of Di, Qiang, turhun, Xianbei, ROEN, Turkic and other people were in a sharp decline. The social and economic form of the Hexi Corridor has returned to the animal husbandry economic form based on the nomadic economy in a considerable degree. After the Sui and Tang Jianli, the Central Plains Dynasty, with the strong backing of strength, managed to operate the Hexi Corridor and western regions of the West and the Han nationality after the Sui and Tang Jianli dynasties. Once again, a large-scale entrance into the Hexi Corridor, the farming economy of the region was quickly restored, developed, and the agricultural social system was rebuilt. After the middle of the eighth Century ad, the region gradually fell into the hands of Tubo with the change of the Central Plains and Tubo's strength. It maintained the Hexi dominated by the Han nationality in the past 1.5 centuries. The corridor area began a long period of Tubo Period, and the agricultural social system disintegrated again. Following the Tubo, the nomadic people of the party and the Mongolia and other nomadic people controlled this area one after another, until the Ming Dynasty in the middle of the fourteenth Century, the eastern. The whole process was about 600 years. From the Ming Dynasty to the present, the Hexi corridor area has been It is firmly controlled in the hands of the unified Central Plains Dynasty. A large number of Han peasants have once again entered the Hexi Corridor Area and carried on agricultural development under the unified arrangement of the central government or the encouragement of the relevant policies. After 600 years of development and management of the Han immigrants in the Central Plains of China, the heta corridor area has completely been a purely nomadic herdsman in the history of the Hexi corridor area. The natural music of the ethnic group has become the home of the agricultural nation.
In any tribe, people who want to survive and develop in their own environment have to develop, utilize local soil and water resources, and have to find ways to develop and utilize soil and water resources to adapt to their own geographical and climatic environment. That is to say, different ways of water and soil resources development and utilization will be formed under different natural environments. However, environmental factors stipulate and restrict the nature of human behavior. Once the specific way of exploitation and utilization of soil and water resources is formed, it will get people familiar with it for a long time in the same or similar or even larger environment. For example, the nomadic people of the northern grassland are entering the farming area south, and they will not lay down the whip and copy them. As a result of the special geographical location of the Hexi Corridor and the natural conditions of the soil and water, the farming and farming people have been competing for the nomadic ethnic groups since ancient times. The change in the way of exploitation and utilization of soil and water resources, that is, if the farming nation enters the area, it will vigorously carry out the way of exploitation and utilization of soil and water resources, which is familiar with the agriculture, on the contrary, the nomadic people vigorously promote the development and utilization of the land and water resources of the animal husbandry. Thus, two kinds of water and animal husbandry in the Hexi Corridor region have been formed. In a certain range, human beings have considerable freedom in the development and utilization of the natural environment, that is, freedom in a certain range of ways and means of exploitation, utilization and means, but this freedom itself is with the nature of the region. The more fragile the ecological environment is, the more fragile the natural ecological environment of the region is, the smaller the degree of freedom for people to develop and use it, the greater the greater. This degree of freedom can be said to be extremely limited in areas such as the Hexi Corridor, which is extremely vulnerable to natural and ecological environment. The change of the development and utilization of water and soil resources caused by the changes will eventually lead to the evolution of the local natural ecological environment.

【学位授予单位】：陕西师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2008
【分类号】：C951

【引证文献】