当代中国族际关系治理分析

发布时间：2018-07-05 16:09

本文选题：当代中国 + 族际关系治理　；参考：《云南大学》2011年博士论文

【摘要】：族际关系治理“是当代多民族国家民族政治生活中的首要问题”。①所谓族际关系治理,从政治学角度来看,就是民族国家运用国家权力对影响族际关系和谐、稳定、发展的政治、经济、文化及社会各类要素进行调适、整合、克服、消除的政治过程。其实质是“民族国家运用国家权力,将国内各民族结合成一个统一的政治共同体,以及维护这个共同体的政治过程。”②其目的是通过对民族关系的协调和治理,保证民族国家与国家内构成民族之间的良性互动与良性发展。族际关系治理的核心是价值取向的选择问题。对价值取向的选择并不是一成不变的,而是由民族国家建设所处的历史阶段性所决定的。在民族与国家结合的过程中,为了使民族拥有一个能够维护自身利益的政治共同体,现实民族的独立和自强,需要以民族为中心来构建一个政治共同体——民族国家,因此,“以民族为中心的国家构建”的特征十分明显,主要体现出鲜明的“民族主义”的价值.取向选择；在民族与国家结合完成后,为了维护各民族共同的政治共同体——民族国家的主权与权威,实现民族国家的高度统一,需要以国家为中心来构建一个具有共同政治认同的国家民族,因此,“以国家为中心的民族构建”的特征十分明显,主要体现出鲜明的“国家主义”的价值取向选择。一种价值取向选择能够多大程度上构建一个国家,就会在多大程度上解构一个民族国家。因此,科学地判定民族国家所处的阶段性,进行合理的价值取向选择和调整,是当代族际关系治理的核心问题。从当代中国族际关系治理的具体历史过程来看,新中国成立以来,在中国共产党的领导下,各民族拥有了发展新型族际关系的平台,为当代中国族际关系的和谐发展奠定了制度基础和提供了政治前提。但是数千年历史中所形成的旧有族际关系格局仍是一种现实存在,并发挥着双重影响：一方面是各民族相互交融、表现为良性关系的持续、延伸与发展；另一方面则是各民族之间摩擦冲突、表现为非良性关系的继续存在。严峻的国际环境,资本主义国家体系将我国族际关系中非良性关系视为颠覆新中国政权的一个重要突破口。这些情况决定了新中国成立以后,很长一个时期内党和国家族际关系治理的价值取向选择,主要是在维护传统族际关系历史格局基础上,消除少数民族与汉族之间的差别,推动各个少数民族的发展,使其真正成为掌握国家政权的民族,致力于巩固新生的民族国家与国家政权。可以说,1956年“一化三改造”完成以后,到1978年改革开放之前,我国族际关系治理更多体现出“以民族为中心的国家构建”的特征,即民族到国家的“民族主义”价值取向。1978年改革开放以后,随着国家对内改革、对外开放的全面深入,国家获得了快速发展。这一时期,各民族作为中华民族的一员,都获得了巨大的利益,但是从国内视野来看,各民族所获得的利益是非均衡的。尽管所有民族都获得了发展,但是民族之间的差距却呈现出了持续扩大的局面。国内民族之间、尤其是同其他国家内民族之间发展情况的对比,激发了国内各个民族的整体性意识,民族对自我的认同不断增强。而民族意识的增强,确实也为民族在与国家的博弈中带来了诸多现实利益,这在一定的程度上诱发了民族意识的进一步增强。同时,世界民族国家体系内“民族主义”思潮中“民族分离主义”及“泛民族主义”的兴起,对我国民族国家建设构成了现实威胁, “以民族为中心的国家构建”的价值取向选择亟待调整。从西方发达民族国家的经验来看,当代中国在民族国家建立完成后,为了减少国内族际关系中非良性关系对民族国家的冲击,应将族际关系治理价值取向调整到更加注重“以国家为中心的民族构建”上来,通过这一价值取向选择,构建具有共同认同的国家民族,从而为当代中国民族国家建设提供坚实的民族基础。但是,族际关系治理的价值取向作为一种意识形态,并不具备自我实现的能力,必须通过民族国家的政治、经济、文化和社会等方式来实现对族际关系的具体治理。族际关系治理的价值取向与治理方式之间存在着这样的关系：价值取向离不开具体手段的支撑,只有合理的价值取向,没有强大的国家机器及必要的手段做支撑,价值取向无法独立的发挥作用,这也能部分地解释为什么具有相似族际关系问题,相同价值取向选择的国家,其治理结果差异很大的问题；而具体的治理方式离开了合理的价值取向为指导,不仅无法解决族际关系问题,甚至会在某种程度上导致族际关系问题激化,影响民族国家建设,甚至导致民族国家解体,这一问题在当代民族国家体系中也不乏实例。族际关系治理的价值取向,总是会在具体的治理方式中得以体现,而通过对族际关系治理方式的分析,也可以分析出一个阶段内族际关系治理的基本价值取向。因此,当代中国族际关系治理分析的关键,就是透过纷繁复杂的治理方式,考察隐藏在其背后的价值取向选择问题。当代中国族际关系治理是通过族际关系治理价值取向与族际关系治理方式之间的具体互动来实现的,而这一关系鲜明地体现在民族国家建设与民族国家发展的互动关系之中。所谓的民族国家建设,就是民族国家运用国家权力,将国内各民族结合成一个统一的政治共同体,以及维护这个共同体的政治过程,①而民族国家建设的核心内容,是由民族国家基本特征民族性、人民性和主权性等三个基本特征派生而来的,是通过不断增强民族国家基本特征而得以实现的。只有持续进行这三个方面的建设,保证各民族对国家政权的控制、保证各民族对国家领土的认同与维护,保证各民族权利的平等与实现,才能保证国家的生存与发展。可以说,以民族国家基本特征为内容的国家建设构成了当代中国族际关系的价值向度,无论是“以民族为中心的国家构建”,还是以“以国家为中心的民族构建”,都是具体包含着民族性、人民性及主权性这三个具体的价值建设内容。所谓的民族国家发展,就是民族国家构成民族在国家的政治、经济、文化和社会等基本制度引导下的发展。首先体现为横向发展,即民族政治、经济、文化和社会四者之间在各民族中的均衡、合理发展上。四者均衡发展,是当代中国民族国家构成民族获得充分发展的必要条件和根本保证。其次体现为纵向发展,即民族政治、经济、文化和社会四者之间发展的连贯性与持续性。对于当代中国来说,民族国家发展是民族国家持续存在的现实任务。没有国家发展,就没有民族发展,民族发展是民族国家发展的载体与最终目的。因此,当代中国民族国家发展中的政治、经济、文化及社会发展,事实上就是民族国家构成民族的政治、经济、文化和社会的具体发展,而各民族政治、经济、文化及社会发展状况及由此而形成交错复杂的族际关系,恰恰是当代中国族际关系治理的对象。从这意义上来说,当代中国国家政治、经济、文化及社会发展中关于族际关系治理的内容,就构成了族际关系治理的主要方式。民族国家建设与民族国家发展之间的互动贯穿了当代民族国家族际关系治理的全过程。民族国家建设作为一种基本的价值取向,由族际关系政治、经济、文化和社会治理等维度中民族性、人民性及主权性特征的分向度构成；而族际关系政治、经济、文化和社会治理等维度中也必然体现着民族性、人民性及主权性特征等向度,成为族际关系治理价值取向的主要标杆。基于以上认识,本研究将族际关系治理中所蕴含的价值取向与治理维度之间的互动关系,作为当代中国族际关系治理的分析框架与根本方法来使用。有鉴于此,本研究基于民族国家建设与民族国家发展之间互动的分析框架,对当代中国族际关系进行了分政治治理、经济治理、文化治理及社会治理视野的描述和分析,构成了本研究的主要内容。首先分视野地对我国族际关系治理中的主要方式及功能进行了梳理。其次,在对治理的主要方式进行分析的基础上,对其中所蕴含的族际关系治理的价值取向进行了具体、详细的分析,对其中的问题进行了总结。再次,对经过几十年治理后,当代中国的族际关系中的新情况与问题进行了具体分析。总体上来说,本研究回顾了当代中国族际关系的治理背景,探讨了族际关系治理的深层次价值取向选择动因,评价了族际关系治理的得与失,提出了为了应对族际关系的新变化、新问题,应将治理价值取向从“以民族为中心的国家构建”转换到更加注重“以国家为中心的民族构建”上来的具体建议。当然,当代中国的族际关系治理,是涉及到民族和民族国家这对复杂的社会历史现象的一个政治过程,既要兼顾“民族属性”,满足“多民族国家的特点与各民族生存和发展的内在要求”①,即民族主义的国家建设与发展要求；又要兼顾“国家属性”,保证各民族的发展必须有利于政治共同体的统一与维护,即国家主义的国家建设与发展要求。离开了民族国家建设的向度,背离了维护多民族国家统一的价值取向,族际关系治理就会偏离正确轨道,破坏民族国家的存在；离开了民族国家发展——在横向与纵向方面的均衡发展,背离了充分尊重各民族在各级建设与发展中的经济、政治、文化和社会权益和利益,民族国家建设就无法得到各民族的支持和认同,民族国家建设也无法实现。简言之,当代中国的族际关系治理,必须具体问题具体分析,区分不同民族和不同区域,既注重民族认同意识的维护,又强化国家认同意识的生成,避免从一个极端走向另一个极端,一种倾向掩盖另一种倾向。在这一认识的基础上,本研究最后对当代中国族际关系治理进行了反思和总结,提出了应该转换当代中国族际关系治理的价值取向、调整治理路径,构建族际关系治理价值取向的评估机制,并对中国族际关系治理的价值取向选择、具体治理路径及族际关系治理价值取向的评估机制构建,提出了有针对性的建议。
[Abstract]:The governance of inter ethnic relations is the first problem in the national political life of contemporary multi-ethnic countries. (1) the so-called inter ethnic relations governance, from the political point of view, is the political, economic, cultural and social elements of the national state using the state power to adjust, integrate, overcome and eliminate the political, economic, cultural and social factors that affect the ethnic relations in harmony, stability and development. The essence of the process is "the use of state power in the national state, the integration of all nationalities in the country into a unified political community and the maintenance of the political process of the community." the purpose is to ensure the benign interaction and benign development between the national state and the nation through the coordination and governance of the ethnic relations.
The core of the governance of inter ethnic relations is the choice of value orientation. The choice of value orientation is not invariable, but is determined by the historical stage of the construction of national state. In the process of combining national and state, in order to make the nation have a political community that can maintain self interest, the reality of the nation is independent. And self strengthening, we need to build a political community - a nation state centered on the nation. Therefore, the characteristics of the "nation centered state" are very obvious, which mainly embodies the value of "nationalism" and the choice of orientation; after the combination of the nation and the state, it is to safeguard the common political community of all ethnic groups. The sovereignty and authority of the nation and the authority to realize the high unity of the nation and state need to build a national nation with a common political identity with the state as the center. Therefore, the characteristic of "national construction" is very obvious, which mainly embodies the choice of the distinct "nationalism" value orientation. To the extent to which choice can build a country, it will deconstruct a nation state to what extent. Therefore, it is the core issue for the governance of contemporary inter ethnic relations to scientifically determine the stages of the national state and to choose and adjust the reasonable value orientation.
Since the founding of the new China, under the leadership of the Communist Party of China, all ethnic groups have developed a platform for the development of new ethnic relations, which has laid the foundation for the harmonious development of the contemporary Chinese ethnic relations and provided the political premise for the harmonious development of the contemporary Chinese ethnic relations. But the old people formed in the thousands of years of history have formed the old ethnic group. The interrelationship pattern is still a real existence, and plays a double influence. On the one hand, it is the integration of all ethnic groups, showing the continuity, extension and development of the benign relationship; on the other hand, the friction and conflict between the nationalities, showing the continuing existence of non benign relations. The non benign relationship in the relationship is regarded as an important breakthrough in the subversion of the new China regime. These circumstances determine the choice of the value orientation of the governance of the inter family relations between the party and the country for a long period of time after the founding of the new China, mainly on the basis of maintaining the historical pattern of the traditional ethnic relations and eliminating the differences between the ethnic minorities and the Han people, and the promotion of the difference between the ethnic minorities and the Han nationality. The development of each ethnic minority makes it truly a nation of state power and is committed to consolidating the new national state and state power. It can be said that, after the completion of "one transformation and three transformation" in 1956, and before the reform and opening up in 1978, the governance of ethnic relations in our country embodies the characteristics of "national construction in a national center". After the reform and opening up of national to national "nationalism" value orientation in.1978, with the national reform and opening to the outside world, the country has gained rapid development. In this period, all ethnic groups, as a member of the Chinese nation, have gained great interests. However, from the domestic perspective, the interests obtained by all ethnic groups are uneven. In spite of the development of all ethnic groups, the gap between ethnic groups has shown a continuous expansion. The contrast between national ethnic groups, especially the development of ethnic groups in other countries, has stimulated the overall consciousness of all ethnic groups in China, and the national identity has been enhanced by the nation. It also brings many practical interests in the game of the nation with the state, which has caused the further enhancement of national consciousness to a certain extent. At the same time, the rise of "national separatism" and "Pan nationalism" in the "nationalism" trend of thought in the world national national system constitutes a realistic threat to the construction of our nation state.
In order to reduce the impact of non benign relations on national countries, the value orientation of ethnic international relations should be adjusted to pay more attention to the "nation" after the establishment and completion of the national countries. The building of the family as the center is to build a national nation with a common identity through this choice of value orientation, thus providing a solid national foundation for the construction of the contemporary Chinese national state.
However, as a kind of ideology, the value orientation of inter ethnic relationship governance does not have the ability to realize self. It must realize the specific governance through the political, economic, cultural and social ways of the nation state. There is such a relationship between the value orientation of the governance of inter ethnic relations and the way of Governance: the value orientation. It is inseparable from the support of specific means, only a reasonable value orientation, no strong national machine and necessary means to support, the value orientation can not play an independent role, which can partly explain why the countries with similar ethnic relations and the same choice of value orientation have a large difference in their governance results; The governing way of the body has left the reasonable value orientation as the guidance, not only can not solve the problem of inter ethnic relations, even to some extent, it will lead to the intensification of inter ethnic relations, influence the construction of national state and even cause the disintegration of the nation state. This problem is not lack of examples in the contemporary national national system. The value of the governance of the inter ethnic relations is taken. It will always be embodied in the concrete way of governance, and through the analysis of the governance mode of inter ethnic relations, it can also analyze the basic value orientation of the governance of inter ethnic relations in a stage. Therefore, the key to the analysis of the governance of contemporary China's inter ethnic relations is to examine the value hidden behind it through complex and complex governance. Choice of orientation.
The governance of contemporary China's inter ethnic relations is realized through the specific interaction between the value orientation of inter ethnic relations and the governance mode of ethnic relations. This relationship is clearly reflected in the interaction between national state construction and national state development. The so-called national state construction is the national power and the domestic power. All ethnic groups are integrated into a unified political community and maintain the political process of the community. The core content of the national state construction is derived from the three basic characteristics of the national state, the national character, the people's nature and the sovereignty, and is realized through the continuous enhancement of the basic characteristics of the nation and state. In order to ensure the survival and development of the national rights, the construction of the three aspects, ensuring the control of the national regime, ensuring the identity and maintenance of all ethnic groups to the national territory, guaranteeing the equality and Realization of the rights of all nationalities can guarantee the existence and development of the country. The value direction of the Department, whether it is "built in a nation centered country" or "constructed by a nation centered nation", is the three specific value construction content, including national nature, people's nature and sovereignty. The so-called national state development is the political, economic, cultural and cultural elements of the nation state in the state. The development of the basic system of society, which is guided by the basic system, is first reflected in the balanced and rational development among the four ethnic groups, namely, the national politics, the economy, the culture and the society. The balanced development of the four people is the necessary condition and the fundamental guarantee for the full development of the ethnic countries in the contemporary China. The second is the vertical development. The development of national politics, economy, culture and society is the continuity and continuity between the four people. For contemporary China, the development of national state is the realistic task of national state. Without national development, there is no national development, national development is the carrier and ultimate aim of national national development. The political, economic, cultural and social development in the exhibition, in fact, is the specific development of the political, economic, cultural and social development of the nation state, and the political, economic, cultural and social development of all ethnic groups and the formation of interlaced complex inter ethnic relations, which is precisely the object of the governance of contemporary China's inter ethnic relations. It is said that in contemporary China's political, economic, cultural and social development, the content of inter ethnic relations governance constitutes the main way of governance of inter ethnic relations.
The interaction between national state construction and national state development runs through the whole process of the governance of ethnic national relations. National state construction, as a basic value orientation, consists of ethnic, people and sovereign characteristics in the political, economic, cultural and social governance dimensions of ethnic relations; and ethnic relations. In the dimensions of political, economic, cultural and social governance, the dimensions of nationality, people and sovereignty are also the main benchmarks for the value orientation of inter ethnic relationship governance. Based on the above understanding, this study takes the interaction between the value orientation and the governance dimension contained in the governance of ethnic relations as a contemporary Chinese family. The analysis framework and fundamental method of interrelation governance are used.
In view of this, this study is based on the analysis framework of the interaction between national state construction and national development. The description and analysis of political governance, economic governance, cultural governance and social governance in contemporary China constitutes the main content of this study. First, the field is divided into the management of inter ethnic relations in China. The main ways and functions are combed. Secondly, on the basis of the analysis of the main ways of governance, the value orientation of the inter ethnic relationship management contained in it is detailed, detailed analysis, and a summary of the problems. On the whole, this study reviews the governance background of contemporary China's inter ethnic relations, probes into the reasons for the choice of the deep level value orientation of the inter ethnic relationship governance, and evaluates the gains and losses of the governance of inter ethnic relations, and puts forward a new problem in order to deal with the new transformation of inter ethnic relations, and the value orientation of governance should be from "ethnic minorities". The transformation of "centered country building" to concrete proposals that focus more on "nation-centered national construction".
Of course, the governance of inter ethnic relations in contemporary China is a political process involving the complex social and historical phenomena of ethnic and national states, which should not only take into account the "national attributes", but also meet the "inherent requirements of the characteristics of multi-ethnic countries and the survival and development of all nationalities", that is, the national construction and development requirements of nationalism; Taking care of the "state property", ensuring the development of all ethnic groups must be beneficial to the unity and maintenance of the political community, that is, the national construction and development requirements of nationalism, leaving the orientation of national national construction and deviating from the value orientation of maintaining the unity of multi-ethnic countries, and the governance of ethnic relations will deviate from the correct track and destroy the survival of the national state. In the absence of National State Development - a balanced and vertical development in the horizontal and vertical aspects, it deviates from the full respect for the economic, political, cultural and social interests and interests of all ethnic groups at all levels of construction and development, and the national state construction will not be supported and recognized by all ethnic groups.
【学位授予单位】：云南大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：C95

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