论美国国会制度及其运作

发布时间：2018-01-04 05:17

本文关键词：论美国国会制度及其运作　出处：《大连理工大学》2009年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】： 美国国会制度及其运作的国情基础是殖民地制度的继承和特定历史条件下的制度创新,它的理论基础是分权与制衡思想,宪政基础是美国联邦宪法。联邦宪法通过明文规定和弹性条款赋予了国会很多宪政权力,这些宪政权力可分为立法权以及立法权之外的重要权力。众议院和参议院、政党、委员会、小组委员会以及幕僚组织均参与国会立法。议案经过委员会审议、辩论、协商委员会协商、总统签署四道程序才能最终变成法律,而在此期间,选民、利益集团以及政党纪律均能影响国会立法。议员在立法过程中的行为选择都是在对各方面影响进行权衡后作出的。国会立法权之外的重要权力主要包括监督权、弹劾权、咨询和同意权以及直接赞助权。从历史上看,美国联邦宪法是宪政的产物,却远不是民主的产物。联邦宪法的民主缺陷决定了以联邦宪法为基础的美国国会制度及其运作必然存在着缺陷和民主虚伪性,其典型表现是金钱对国会选举的扭曲,以及在现实中富有的强势集团往往压倒较为贫弱的群体,从而使利益集团之间的势力均衡无法真正实现。而这也正是由资本主义生产资料私有制的经济基础所决定的、美国政治制度中无法解决的根本矛盾。我国人民代表大会制度与美国国会制度存在着七个方面的不同,最根本的不同是政治制度的服务对象不同。相对于美国国会制度,我国人民代表大会制度更加顺应了生产力发展的客观要求,民主具有真实性,工作效率也远远高于美国国会制度。在制度运作技术环节,借鉴美国国会的成功经验,可以把人大代表直接选举的范围逐渐扩大到省、市一级,实行竞选制,并利用竞选开展思想政治教育活动,以及加强人民代表大会对其他国家机关的监督。美国国会是美国资本主义政治制度的支柱,它形成了一套相对比较成熟和完善的立法与监督机制,但这一制度也集中体现了资本主义民主制度的虚伪性。研究美国国会制度及其运作,有助于我们更好地认识和借鉴美国国会的立法与权力的制衡、监督机制中的合理因素,并在同时认清其政治制度的重要缺陷及虚伪性,从而有助于我们坚定以马克思主义为指导思想,坚定不移地走社会主义道路的信念。
[Abstract]:The foundation of the National Congress system and its operation is the succession of the colonial system and the institutional innovation under specific historical conditions. Its theoretical foundation is the idea of separation of powers and checks and balances. The constitutional foundation is the Federal Constitution of the United States.
The adoption of the Federal Constitution expressly and elastic clause gave Congress the many constitutional powers, these constitutional powers can be divided into important powers outside the legislative power and legislative power. The house and Senate, Party committee, Subcommittee and staff organization are involved in Congress. After the Committee bill, debate, consultative committee consultations, the president signed four the program will eventually become law, but in the meantime, voters, interest groups and Party discipline can affect the legislation. Members of behavior choice in the legislative process is a trade-off made after impact on the parties. The important legislative power of Congress includes supervision, impeachment, consultation and consent, direct sponsorship.
Historically, the federal constitution is the product, is not a product of democracy. The Congress of the United States democratic system and operation of the Federal Constitution decided to defect the federal constitution based inevitable defects and democratic hypocrisy, the typical performance is money for congressional elections distortions, and group rich in reality the strong group tend to overwhelm is poor, so that the balance of power between interest groups cannot be truly realized. And this is decided by the economic foundation of private ownership of capitalism, can not solve the fundamental contradiction of the American political system. In the system of the National People's Congress and the U.S. Congress system has seven aspects different, the most fundamental difference is the political system of different service objects. Compared to the United States Congress, people's Congress System in China conforms to the productivity The objective requirement of development, democracy has authenticity, the work efficiency is far higher than that of the United States Congress system. In the system operation process, learn from the successful experience of the United States Congress, the National People's Congress gradually expand the scope of direct elections to the province, city level, implementation of the election system, and the campaign to carry out ideological and political education, and strengthen the the people's Congress supervision of other state organs.
The U.S. Congress is the pillar of the capitalist political system in the United States, it has formed a relatively mature and perfect legislation and supervision mechanism, but this system also reflects the hypocrisy of capitalist democracy. A congressional study system and its operation, a balance will help us better understand and learn from the legislation and the power of the United States Congress the reasonable factors of supervision mechanism, important defects and hypocrisy and at the same time to recognize its political system, which can help us firmly to the Marx doctrine as the guiding ideology, adhere to the socialist road of faith.

【学位授予单位】：大连理工大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2009
【分类号】：D771.2

【引证文献】