法国国民阵线的转型及原因分析

发布时间：2018-03-08 05:29

本文选题：国民阵线　切入点：玛丽娜·勒庞　出处：《北京外国语大学》2017年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：国民阵线(Front National)作为法国极右翼政党,在法国的政党光谱中占据最右的地位,其观点保守,口号激进,民粹主义和新种族主义特征明显,但却在近年来迅速发展壮大,逐渐成为仅次于法国左翼社会党(parti socialiste)和中右翼人民运动联盟(UMP,Union pour un mouvement populaire)的第三大政党。在法国这样一个宣扬民主,以"自由平等博爱"为国家格言的现代化国家中,国民阵线逐渐吸引着大量法国公民,对法国政坛产生了不可小觑的影响,其中原因十分值得深度挖掘。本文主要研究的是2011年1月以来,也就是国民阵线新任领导人玛丽娜·勒庞(Marine le Pen)1上台后国民阵线的转型,以及导致转型发生的原因。本文首先对国民阵线的发展历程做以简要介绍,后对其意识形态和性质进行分类和定义,以此来作为本篇论文的背景介绍。国民阵线的转型主要体现在五个方面,分别是国民阵线政治主张的调整、政治影响力的提升,选民基础的扩大,网络新媒体的宣传和"去妖魔化"的推广,从这些方面可以看出,"新"国民阵线和老勒庞时期的国民阵线相比有了比较明显的变化。而产生这些变化的原因,则值得进行深入探究,本文将"新"国民阵线调整原因分为国际环境、法国国内环境和政党自身三个方面进行研究。从外部环境来讲,首先,随着欧洲一体化的不断深入,欧洲各国之间的经济、政治、文化联系日益紧密,欧盟等超国家机构的建立在机制上暴露了一定问题,在世界经济危机和欧洲次贷危机后,由于欧洲各国经济联系紧密,各国经济普遍陷入低迷状态。而国民阵线提出的"退出欧元区,恢复法郎"则被认为是有效解决方式之一。其次,整个欧洲范围内的恐怖组织活动日益猖獗,法国成为重点打击对象。恐怖事件频发不仅严重影响了法国的经济,更对社会稳定带来了巨大的冲击,而欧盟申根协定更是为极端分子的流窜提供了便利,法国人民在社会恐慌中极力寻求和平安稳。另外,随着中东地区战争形势的恶化,欧洲范围内爆发难民危机。法国本国经济已自顾不暇,还要耗费巨额资金安置难民,源源不断的难民涌入给法国造成负担,威胁了社会安定,难民的涌入方便了恐怖分子的窜通,引起众多法国人的不安与担忧。从法国国内环境来讲,第一,法国经济在受到重创后恢复缓慢,复苏趋势不容乐观,法国失业率高居不下,社会福利制度弊端逐渐暴露,人民生活水平下降。第二,经济形势低迷带来的社会稳定性下降,社会阶层对立明显,社会矛盾激化,中下层人民面临失业危机和生存危机,国民阵线将社会问题归咎于移民,为社会弱势人群的失意找到了合适的理由。第三,面对国内危机,传统两大党派政策低效,作为甚微,引起民众强烈失望和不满的情绪,或是为了惩罚政府,或是追求与众不同,众多选民被迫选择新的尝试,因此在国民阵线中看到了新的希望。第四,大量穆斯林移民导致法兰西文化面临危机,法国文化与伊斯兰文化的不兼容导致民族冲突不断激化,法国认同受到威胁,越来越多的人开始抵制穆斯林移民。从国民阵线自身来讲,由于老勒庞的言论激烈,观点偏激,对国民阵线的党派形象塑造产生了很大的负面影响,而"新"国民阵线不再满足于在野党的身份,想争取执政机会,就必须有效改善国民阵线在国民心目中的形象,玛丽娜·勒庞企图通过"去妖魔化"来达到这一目的,使一个极端党派逐渐成为一个"正常化"的党派,同事改组内部结构,加强党内团结,减轻大众的抵触心理,扩大选民基础,这种需求作为内生驱动力促使"新"国民阵线必须尽快完成转型。总之,国民阵线在2011年至今政治地位显著提高的原因是多方面作用的共同结果。尽管国民阵线的主张和意识形态带有民粹主义色彩,但随着世界局势的紧张、国内环境的紧迫和政党自身的改革,国民阵线在经过40多年的酝酿后在2011年开始爆发其多方面影响力,并且有持续壮大的可能。
[Abstract]:The National Front (Front National) as the French far right party, occupy the right position of political parties in France in the spectrum, the conservative and radical populist slogans, and the new racism characteristic is obvious, but in recent years the rapid development, gradually become the second law of the left-wing Socialist Party (PartI Socialiste) and the right-wing people's movement (UMP, Union pour UN alliance mouvement Populaire) of the third major political parties in France. Such a democracy, the state motto in modern countries with "love of freedom and equality", the national front gradually attract a large number of French citizens, have important influence on French politics, the reason is very worthy of deep mining in this paper. The research is since January 2011, is also the National Front's new leader Marina Bon (Marine Le Pen) 1 transformation of the National Front Office, and the lead technician The reason. Firstly, the development history of the National Front briefly, on the ideology and the nature of the definition and classification, as the background of this paper is introduced. The transformation of the national front is mainly reflected in five aspects, namely the national front political advocate political adjustment, enhance the influence the expansion of the electorate, the new network media propaganda and to demonize the promotion, these areas can be seen from the "new" national front and the old Bon period of the national front, compared with the more obvious changes. Reasons for these changes, it is worthy of further exploration, the "new" the National Front adjustment reason is divided into the international environment, the domestic environment of France and the party itself in three aspects. First, from the external environment, with the deepening of European integration, Europe between economy, politics, culture Contact more closely, the establishment of the European Union and other supranational institutions in the mechanism has exposed some problems in the world economic crisis and Europe after the subprime crisis, the economic ties between European countries closely, the economic downturn in the state. The general national front put forward "out of the euro zone, restoring the franc" is considered as one of the ways effective solution. Secondly, the whole of Europe within the scope of the terrorist organization is rampant, France has become the focus of the fight against objects. Frequent terrorist incidents not only affected the French economy, more on social stability has brought tremendous impact, while the EU Schengen agreement but also facilitated the extremists fled, the French people in the society to panic seek peace and stability. In addition, with the deterioration of the situation of war in the Middle East, the European outbreak of the refugee crisis. The national economy has also spent huge amounts of French conditions. Funding for refugees, the influx of refugees Everfount burden to France, threatening the social stability, the influx of refugees to facilitate terrorist channeling, causing many French discomfort and concern. From the French domestic environment, first, the French economy has been hit hard in the slow recovery, the recovery trend is not optimistic, the high unemployment rate in France no, the social welfare system gradually exposed, people's living standards decline. Second, a decline in economic downturn has brought social stability, social class opposition is obvious, the social contradictions, the lower class people facing unemployment crisis and survival crisis, the national front will blame immigration for social problems, social vulnerable groups are found reason. Third, in the face of domestic crisis, the traditional two party policy inefficient, as little backlash, disappointment and dissatisfaction, or to punish. The government, or the pursuit of out of the ordinary, many voters were forced to choose a new attempt, so to see the new hope in the National Front in fourth. A large number of Muslim immigrants, leading to the French culture crisis, due to the incompatibility of ethnic conflicts continue to intensify the French culture and Islamic culture, the French identity is threatened, more and more people began to resist Muslim immigrants from the National Front itself, because the old Bon's speech is intense, extremist views, the negative impact of the National Front Party image, and the "new" national front is no longer satisfied with the opposition party's identity, want to fight for the opportunity to govern, we must improve the National Front in the national image of Marina Bon. Attempt to demonize to achieve this goal, make an extreme partisanship has gradually become a "normal" of the party, the internal structure of colleagues reorganization, Strengthen party unity, reduce the public psychological conflict, expansion of the electorate, this demand as the endogenous driving force of the "new" national front must complete the transition as soon as possible. In short, the national front has significantly improved the status of political reasons in 2011 is a common result of multiple effects. Although the national front views and ideology with populism. But as the world tensions, the reform of the domestic environment and urgency of the Party national front after 40 years of brewing after the outbreak began in 2011 of its various influence, and may continue to grow.

【学位授予单位】：北京外国语大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D756.5

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