东非政府间发展组织在苏丹和平调解进程中的作用（1996-2005）

发布时间：2018-03-11 18:18

本文选题：苏丹　切入点：内战　出处：《吉林大学》2017年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：自1956年获得独立以来,苏丹一直面临着连绵不绝的内战。这是南苏丹反对基于地域和种族的政治边缘化而展开的斗争。苏丹内战在国内外产生了重要影响,不仅对国内带来损害,而且其影响外溢到邻国地区,产生了大量难民。而且,还有些国家试图通过给予某一派别以军事支持从而推进自身利益。于是内战的结果就是这场战争成为地区冲突的一部分。当参战方于2005年签订全面和平协议时,这标志着和平调解进程的成功。这一标志性成就主要归功于东非政府间发展组织(IGAD)。东非政府间发展组织参与其中,是因为非洲统一组织(即后来的非洲联盟)和联合国支持了一个地区性组织,以解决包括苏丹内战在内的非洲之角地区冲突。普遍认为,东非政府间发展组织能够帮助推动这场冲突的解决。本研究试图明确东非政府间发展组织在苏丹和平调解进程中所发挥的作用。具体而言,本研究旨在分析东非政府间发展组织于1996至2005年间在苏丹和平调解进程中所发挥的作用,评估该地区组织在苏丹和平调解进程中的机制,以及检验能够解释该组织的作用以及促成其取得成功的各项因素。本研究运用了调解理论,该理论由亚当·科尔建立,它适用于理解和分析苏丹和平进程。本研究运用这一理论来评估东非政府间发展组织在苏丹和平进程中所发挥的作用,并且阐述东非政府间发展组织在该进程中的作用。同时,本文使用了案例研究以获得对于次地区组织解决苏丹问题的富有洞察性的见解。本研究发现,东非政府间发展组织能够在解决苏丹长期内战中发挥重要作用,推动苏丹政府和苏丹人民解放运动共同签订全面和平协议。这份协议的签署,标志着苏丹冲突的正式终结以及南北方统一政府的形成。本文还探讨了内外行为体在协议签署中的关键作用。本文分为五章。第一章是导论,第二章是对苏丹冲突的介绍,第三章讨论了1996至2005年间东非政府间发展组织在苏丹和平调解进程的介入,第四章讨论了促成东非政府间发展组织成功调解苏丹冲突的因素。最后,第五章总结了本文的结论并提出了相应的建议。在第二章中,本文介绍了自1956年独立以来苏丹冲突的背景。本章为理解东非政府间发展组织如何推动冲突的解决提供了基础。本章追溯了冲突的历史,强调了冲突背后存在的主要行为体和问题。本章内容还探讨了冲突的原因和结果,提出历史上殖民主义者在国内各派别敌意的形成中发挥了重要作用。这突出表现在殖民者的分化统治政策,边界划定,治理结构以及对南部地区民众的利用。第三章检验了1996至2005年期间东非政府间发展组织对苏丹冲突的参与及其建立的机制。本章主要关注了该地区组织建立的调解机制,帮助推动各派别返回谈判桌,并最终导致全面和平协议的签订。这些机制都是在苏丹和平调解进程中所建立的,也是本章分析的重点内容。1993年,第一常务委员会的创立,这表明东非政府间发展组织对解决苏丹冲突的首次参与。该机制回应了地区民众对于社会和政治平等的需求。在这一委员会之后,它推动成立了第一、第二马查科斯机制和奈瓦沙机制,以及全面和平协议的签署,并最终结束了苏丹内部冲突,赋予了南部苏丹民众自决的权利。可见,正是在这些机制的推动下,各斗争派别签署了全面和平协议,并针对不同问题展开了直接协商。第四章分析了使得东非政府间发展组织得以成功调解苏丹冲突的主要因素。本章分析了推动东非政府间发展组织帮助解决冲突的直接内部因素与间接外部因素。其中,直接内部因素包括:个人层面,军事局势以及来自东非政府间发展组织成员国的压力。东非政府间发展组织内部存在有能力的调解者,比如lazarosombeiwo等,他们有意愿也有能力使战争各方参与和谈。军事局势因素主要涉及各派别得到其他国家的支持,互相竞争,同时又不想失去在战场上的优势。在东非政府间发展组织成员国压力方面,各国希望通过战争终结的契机带来外部资金的投入。特别在相关国家缺乏资源的情况下,他们希望得到外部资助来发展国内经济。另外,本章还分析了外部行为体的作用,比如美国不断对苏丹政府施加压力,敦促其尽快结束冲突。在外部行为体中,美国是最主要的因素,它通过经济制裁等手段对苏丹政府施加压力。特别是苏丹政府对恐怖主义团伙的支持,推动美国为东非政府间发展组织提供更多支持。本章内容还探讨了全面和平协议的主要特征,即结束内战,使南部苏丹民众获得自决权以及与宗教的分离。在最后一章中,本文总结了结论并提出了相应的对策建议。本文认为,通过建立相应的调解机制,加之内部和外部因素的推动,东非政府间发展组织能够帮助解决苏丹内部冲突。在本研究中,笔者建议相关各方需要投入更多的资源及建立解决问题的合作机制。最后,本文的研究有助于了解苏丹内战的背景以及东非政府间发展组织在次区域中所发挥的作用。
[Abstract]:Since independence in 1956, Sultan has faced the civil war. This is in an unbroken line of South Sultan against the political marginalization of regional and ethnic based on struggle. The civil war in Sultan has an important influence at home and abroad, not only bring harm to the domestic, but also the effects of spillover into neighbouring regions, resulting in a large number of refugees. And also, some countries tried to give one faction to promote their own interests with military support. So the result of the civil war is part of this war into regional conflicts. When war in 2005 signed a comprehensive peace agreement, which marks the peace process was successful. This landmark achievement is mainly attributed to the IGAD (IGAD). The IGAD involved, because of the organization of African Unity (later African Union) and the United Nations support a regional organization in solution The horn of Africa, including the conflict of civil war in Sultan. It is generally accepted that the IGAD can help promote the resolution of the conflict. This study attempted to clarify the development of the East African intergovernmental organizations in Sultan play a role in the process of peace and reconciliation. Specifically, this study aims to analyze the IGAD in 1996 to 2005 years in the Sultan peace process in the role played by the regional organization evaluation mechanism in the Sultan Peace mediation in the process of inspection, and to explain the role of the organization and the factors contributed to its success. The use of the mediation theory, the theory established by Adam Kerr, it is suitable for the analysis and understanding of peace the process of Sultan. This study uses the theory to evaluate the development of the East African intergovernmental organization plays a role in the peace process in Sultan, and on East African government The role of development organizations in the process. At the same time, this paper uses case study to obtain the sub regional organizations to solve the Sultan problem insightful opinions. The study found that the IGAD can play an important role in the settlement of the Sultan long civil war, the government of Sultan and promote people's Liberation Movement of Sultan signed a comprehensive a peace agreement. The signing of this agreement, marking the official end of the conflict in Sultan and the formation of the north and South unified government. This paper also discussed the key role of internal and external actors in the signing of the agreement. This paper is divided into five chapters. The first chapter is the introduction, the second chapter is on the conflict in Sultan, the third chapter discusses the 1996 to in 2005 years the IGAD Peace mediation process in Sultan's intervention, the fourth chapter discusses the factors that contribute to the IGAD mediation of the conflict in Sultan. The most successful After the fifth chapter summarizes the conclusions and puts forward some corresponding suggestions. In the second chapter, this paper introduces the conflict in Sultan since independence in 1956. The background of this chapter is to understand the IGAD to solve how to promote conflict provides the foundation. This chapter traces the history of conflicts, highlighted the main conflict behind the body and problems. This chapter also discusses the reasons and results of the conflict, the colonial history in the form of domestic hostile factions has played an important role. This is highlighted in the colonial rule policy differentiation, boundary delimitation, governance structure and the use of the people of southern area. In the third chapter the inspection during the period 1996 to 2005 the IGAD involvement on the conflict in Sultan and the establishment of the mechanism. This chapter mainly focuses on the mediation mechanism of the establishment of regional organization, to help promote factions To return to the negotiating table, and eventually signed a comprehensive peace agreement. These mechanisms are established in the Sultan peace process, but also the key content of this chapter of.1993, founded the first standing committee, which indicates that the IGAD to solve for the first time in the Sultan conflict. The mechanism of the response area the people for the social and political equality requirements. After this committee, it promoted the establishment of the first second Machakos mechanism and the Naivasha mechanism, and signed a comprehensive peace agreement, which ended Sultan internal conflict, gives people the right to self-determination of the southern part of Sultan. It is visible in this mechanism under the the struggle, factions signed a comprehensive peace agreement, and launched a direct negotiation for different problems. The fourth chapter analyzes the development of the East African intergovernmental organization to be successful mediation of the conflict in Sultan The main factors. This chapter analyzes the promoting the IGAD help solve the conflict and direct and indirect external factors. The internal factors which include direct internal factors: the individual level, the military situation and from members of the organization of the pressure of development of the East African intergovernmental intergovernmental organization development in East Africa. Within the ability of the mediator, for example lazarosombeiwo, they will also have the ability to make war parties involved in the peace talks. The military situation factors mainly related to the various factions have the support of other countries, competing with each other, and do not want to lose the advantage in battle. The development of the member countries of the organization of government pressure in East Africa, countries hope to bring external funds by the end of the war the opportunity investment. Especially in the relevant countries lack the resources, they hope to get external funding to domestic economic development. In addition, this chapter also analyzes the external Department of actors, such as the United States continues to put pressure on Sultan's government, urging them to end the conflict as soon as possible. In the external actors, the United States is the most important factor, it through economic sanctions and other means to put pressure on Sultan's government. Especially the Sultan government support for terrorist groups, pushing the United States for the IGAD to provide more support. This chapter also discussed the main features of the comprehensive peace agreement, that is the end of the civil war, the southern Sultan people get the right of self-determination and separation and religion. In the last chapter, this paper summarizes the conclusion and put forward corresponding countermeasures and suggestions. This paper argues that, through the establishment of mediation mechanism, promote coupled with the internal and external factors, the IGAD can help solve the internal conflict in Sultan. In this study, the author suggested that the relevant parties need to invest more resources and construction Finally, the research in this paper will help us to understand the background of the civil war in Sultan and the role played by the East African intergovernmental development organization in the sub region.

【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D814.1;D741.2

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