从自决到自治：冷战后世界民族分离主义

发布时间：2018-03-15 05:36

本文选题：民族分离主义　切入点：民族自决　出处：《中共中央党校》2010年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】： 冷战结束之后,人们并未得到渴望已久的和平。究其缘由,民族分离主义是引起世界不稳定的主要原因之一。今天,从加拿大到英国,从苏丹到印尼,世界上有几十个国家存在着民族分离主义运动。民族分离主义和恐怖主义的合流,加剧了世界的动荡。为什么民族分离主义运动如此猖獗?这和民族主义理论有关。自从人类产生国家以来,国家的统治者就一直寻求其合法性的来源,从而实现其利益。于是,在东西方的历史上,不约而同的有了君权神授的思想。在欧洲,由于教权和王权的不断斗争,使得西方君权神授的思想基础受到了削弱。资产阶级以民族理论对抗君权神授思想。资产阶级提出“民族自决、民族平等”等口号,最终欧美确立了民族国家。经过资产阶级的革命和宣扬,“民族自决”和“一族一国论”成为每个民族试图建立民族国家的思想渊源。本文着重分析了民族分离主义运动与民族自决之间的关系,指出民族自决思想的时代局限性;从国际法的角度论证了多民族国家内的少数民族并非是自决的主体,以暴力和恐怖主义等为手段的分离运动也是违法国际法的;总结各国的经验和教训,自治是解决民族分离问题的有效方式之一。第一章主要论述了民族分离主义的相关问题。首先,民族、民族主义、对分离主义概念的探讨。学术界对民族的定义从来没有统一,民族一词具有强烈的政治色彩,族群则是从文化意义上进行定义的;其次,分析了民族分离主义兴起的原因、特点和影响。第二章主要论述了民族自决理论的发展和演变。首先,分析了列宁和威尔逊的民族自决思想;其次,分析了民族自决与二战后的民族解放运动。在民族自决思想的影响下,广大的亚非拉地区人民掀起了影响深远的反帝反殖运动。与此同时,联合国及一些国际机构通过了一系列的决议、宣言等支持第三世界的民族自决;再次,民族自决的时代局限性。随着殖民体系的解体,民族自决的破坏力也显现出来了。新独立国家的不同族群也寻求分离,西方国家的人民打出民族自决的旗帜。东西方国家不约而同的重新审视民族自决理论,不再认为每个民族(族群)都有独立建国的权力。冷战后,民族分离主义分子也常常打着自由、民主、人权的幌子,吸引注意和寻求外援,这也说明民族自决理论风光不再。第三章主要论述了国际法上的自决权。首先分析了自决权是国际法的一项原则。自决权的内涵不断发展,不仅包括政治权利也包括经济、社会、文化权利,但是不包括分离权;其次,分析了国际法上自决权的主体。指出国际法上自决权的主体是殖民地人民、作为整体的人民或民族,而非一国之内的族群、少数人或土著人等;最后,分析了实现自决权的手段和方式。在殖民解放运动时期,通过战争或武装斗争的方式是得到国际法肯定的。暴力和恐怖主义方式在当今是不符合国际法精神的。采取公民投票的和平方式要符合国际法,要在联合国等国际机构的监督之下,同时也要符合国内法的相关规定。总之,民族分离主义运动以分离国家为目的,以暴力和恐怖主义为手段是不符合国际法精神的。第四章主要论述了从自决到自治是民族分离主义问题的解决方式。首先分析自治和自决的相关问题,从自决到自治是历史发展的趋势;其次,通过西班牙、印度尼西亚和中国的案例,说明自治解决民族问题的有效方式。通过自治可以缓和民族之间的矛盾,促进民族和谐。反之,可能会增加民族隔阂,激化民族矛盾;最后,通过案例分析自治的价值。历史上一些国家因为取消自治,引起国家的分裂,如埃塞俄比亚、南联盟等。因此,自治虽然并非能彻底解决一切民族分离问题,但是自治在很大程度上能够缓和民族矛盾,是当今世界各国普遍采用的民族政策。
[Abstract]:After the end of the cold war, it has not been long for peace. The reason of ethnic separatism is one of the main reasons causing the instability of the world. Today, from Canada to England, from Sultan to Indonesia, there are dozens of countries there are ethnic separatist movement. The confluence of ethnic separatism and terrorism, exacerbated by the world unrest.
Why ethnic separatist movements are so rampant? And this is related to the nationalism theory. Since human beings have the source countries, the ruler of the state has been seeking its legitimacy, in order to achieve their interests. So, in the history of West and East invariably have the divine right of Kings thought. In Europe, due to the continuous struggle Magisterium and kingship that makes the ideological foundation of Western divine rights have been weakened. The bourgeoisie by ethnic theory against the thoughts of divine rights. The bourgeoisie proposed "national self-determination, equality of nationalities" and other slogans, and eventually established nation. After the bourgeois revolution and the advocate of "national self-determination" and "one country on each family has become people trying to establish the ideological origins of nation. This paper focuses on the analysis of the relationship between ethnic separatism and national self-determination, pointed out that the national self-determination thought The time limitation; from the perspective of international law in the national minority is not subject to the separation of self-determination, violence and terrorism as a means of violating international law; summarizes the experiences and lessons of autonomy is one of the effective ways to solve the problems of national separation.
The first chapter mainly discusses the related issues of national separatism. Firstly, ethnic nationalism, separatism, discussion of the concept. The academic circles have never unified definition of nation, national word has a strong political, ethnic groups is defined culturally; secondly, analyzes the causes of the rise of ethnic separatism. The characteristics and influence.
The second chapter mainly discusses the development and evolution of the theory of national self-determination. Firstly, the analysis of Lenin and Werwilson self-determination thought; secondly, analysis of national self-determination and the post war national liberation movement. In the influence of national self-determination under the majority of African people in the region have lifted far-reaching anti imperialist and anti colonialism movements. At the same time, the United Nations and some international institutions through a series of resolutions and declarations to support the third world national self-determination; thirdly, the time limitation of self-determination. With the disintegration of the colonial system, the destructive power of national self-determination also emerged. Different Zu Qun newly independent countries also seek the separation of people in the west play self-determination. Western countries to re-examine the theory of national self-determination, no longer think that each nation (Zu Qun) has the right for independence. After the cold war, ethnic separation It is also an indication that the theory of national self-determination is no longer in the front of freedom, democracy, and human rights, and to attract attention and seek foreign aid.
The third chapter mainly discusses the international law on the right of self-determination. Firstly, the right of self-determination is one of the principles of international law. The connotation of self-determination development, including not only the political rights as well as economic, social and cultural rights, but does not include the right to separation; secondly, analyzes the main body of international law on the right of self-determination is pointed. The subject of international law on the right of self-determination is the colonial people, as a whole people or nation, rather than within a country, ethnic minorities or indigenous people, etc.; finally, analyzes the means and methods to achieve self-determination. In the era of colonial liberation, through war or armed struggle is the way to get the international law sure. Violence and terrorism is not consistent with the spirit of international law at present. Take a referendum to comply with international law, to the supervision of the United Nations and other international institutions, but also to comply with the relevant rules of domestic Law In short, the national separatist movement aims at separating the state, and the means of violence and terrorism are not in accordance with the spirit of international law.
The fourth chapter mainly discusses from self-determination to autonomy of ethnic separatism problem. Firstly, analysis of issues related to autonomy and self-determination, from self-determination to autonomy is the trend of historical development; secondly, through Spain, Indonesia and Chinese case, effective way to solve the ethnic problems that autonomy. Through autonomy can alleviate contradictions between ethnic groups the promotion of national harmony. On the other hand, may increase the national estrangement, the intensification of ethnic conflicts; finally, through the case analysis of the value of autonomy. Some countries in history because of the abolition of autonomy, caused by the division of the country, such as Ethiopia, Yugoslavia. Therefore, although the autonomy can not solve all the problems of national separation, but autonomy can ease the national contradictions and is widely adopted by many countries in the world of national policy.

【学位授予单位】：中共中央党校
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：D562

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