社会结构与政党制度：印度独大型政党制度的演变

发布时间：2018-04-12 09:35

本文选题：社会分裂 + 一党独大　；参考：《复旦大学》2007年博士论文

【摘要】： 作为多党制的一种特殊形式，独大型政党制度一直是比较政党研究的重点。发生在实行独大型政党制度的国家政党结构的变化为政党制度的研究提供了新的课题和空间。在印度，独立以来所形成的国大党的一党独大体制长期被看作有助于实现多元分裂结构之间的妥协和整合，一定程度上是印度社会作为一个统一的政治体系得以维系的重要因素。90年代以后，国大党一党独大体制崩溃。政党竞争的多元化和地方化并没有使得后国大党时代的印度政治走向分裂。在经历了政党联盟的分化组合和短暂的政治动荡后，印度的政党制度正在朝着稳定的两大党制下的多党竞争格局发展。本文以印度政党制度演变的过程为分析对象，考察不同阶段社会结构对政党竞争的影响，从而揭示社会结构之间与政党制度的关系。本文的结构分为五个部分。第一章主要介绍政党制度研究的两种方法——制度分析方法和社会分析方法，针对印度政党制度的特点，本文将研究的视角主要集中在社会结构方面。通过对印度社会的分裂结构进行客观的考察，阐述这些分裂结构对政党政治的影响，即政党总是代表一定的社会结构，是特定的社会结构在政治上的反应。在独立后的五十多年时间里，印度的社会结构发生了一定的变化，而政党制度也从国大党一党独大的体制转向两大党制下的多党竞争格局。第二章以国大党一党独大体制的演变过程为分析对象，探讨分裂社会一党独大体制的困境。在独立后的相当长时间里，国大党得益于其在独立运动中的历史传统和兼容并包的路线，建立起了独大型的政党制度。到80年代末期，独大型政党制度最终崩溃。国大党衰落的原因有它自身组织建设的失败、协商一致传统的破坏、有效性的缺失。更主要的原因则存在于印度的社会分裂结构。国大党是作为一个主要植根于地方的，而非全国的分裂结构的政党出现的。它所代表的社会群体在不同的邦表现都不一样：某些种姓、阶级和种族群体在一个邦是国大党的支持者(如在北方邦)，而在另一个邦则支持国大党的反对党(如在喀拉拉邦)。这些次级的分裂结构并没有扩展到全国范围，国大党是在最初的独立运动和独立初期的民族国家建设过程中利用它的象征地位和组织联系克服了这种困难，而反对党则没有这种资源。到80年代以后，随着现代化发展带来的政治发展，政治动员及参与的方式和结果发生变化。印度的社会分裂结构不是趋向于整合而是在政治上更加极化，基于分裂结构的认同越来越成为政党赖以生存的基础，企图通过走全方位路线的国大党无法同时讨好来自左右两边的支持者，维持其统治地位。第三章主要从印度人民党的崛起和人民党的短暂历史，分析国大党一党独大体制衰落过程中联邦政党结构的变化。从80年代中期开始，印度教社会兴起了一股复兴印度教的浪潮。由于国大党在世俗主义路线上的退却，印度教民族主义的活动逐渐获得主流政治认同而取得合法性。作为对这种社会心理变化的结果，印度社会形成了一种以“印度教认同”为特征的思想浪潮。印度人民党奉行印度教民族主义的意识形态正是对80年代印度社会思潮变化的反应。在独立后的四十年中，国大党政府没有把印度从一个落后的、宗教对立的国家转向一个真正的发达的、世俗主义的国家。它也没有完成真正意义上的民族国家建设，宗教、种姓、民族的冲突使得形式上统一的印度社会实际上依然面临着严重的分裂。基于古老传统和本土特征的印度教民族主义重新受到人们的重视。因此，印度人民党兴起的最主要原因在于80年代印度社会所发生结构变化。无论是人民党、共产党，还是其它的像人民党这样的中间偏左的政党，对印度问题的解决没有离开国大党的民族主义道路，它们最终不可避免地要跟着国大党走，却无法成为国大党的替代力量。印度人民党依靠其特殊的意识形态成为成为一党独大体制衰落后国大党的主要竞争者。第四章主要探讨地方政党发展对印度独大型政党制度演变的影响。地方政党的形成与发展与独立以来社会经济的利益分化和结构变化相关。在“绿色革命”中兴起的新兴势力、种姓结构的变化、宗教势力在政治上的复兴等都促成了不同社会集团以组织政党的方式影响政治的运作，在各邦形成了独具特色的政党制度。随着国大党在中央政府中一党独大地位的衰落和人民院中全国性政党实力的整体下降，联邦“悬浮议会”下的地方政党越来越成为印度政坛中的重要政治力量。首先，从印度联邦的权力结构来看，地方政党改变了议会的权力结构，它瓜分了全国性政党的选票，影响着联合政府的组成和稳定。另一方面，地方政党在邦一级与全国性政党展开竞争，形成了不同的地方政党结构模式，使得印度的政党政治走向地方化，大大改变了独立以来的联邦——邦权力结构关系，并有可能使未来的印度联邦——邦关系发展到一个新的阶段。第五章分析90年代以来独大型政党制度衰落后印度政党制度的走向。随着国大党一党独大体制的衰落，印度政党政治进入了一个多党竞争和联合政府的时期，，表现为两大党制下的多党竞争格局。国大党和印度人民党成为主要政治中的两极，是政治权力的主要竞争者。而地方政党在联邦政治中地位的上升使得它们成为多党政治中不可忽视的力量。旧的政党体制被打破，政党结构的分化和重组、政党政治中的一致与冲突均在政治生活中得到反应。宗教、种姓、民族、阶级等分裂结构的相互交叉重叠的社会，使得在政党竞争的结构中，每一个行动者都无法依靠自身的社会基础建立起绝对的多数地位，而必须与其它势力妥协或结成联盟。受多党竞争和选举政治的制约，90年代中期以后，政党之间的竞争逐渐从无序化状态转向妥协与合作。随着两大党制下的多党竞争格局的确立，印度政党政治逐渐走向稳定。通过对印度独大型政党制度演变的考察，可以得出本文的几个一般结论：第一，在多重分裂的社会结构下，如果社会的分裂结构不是趋向于整合而是在政治上更加极化，独大型政党制度就无法长期维持下去。第二，独大型政党制度崩溃后政党结构的变化受到社会分裂结构特征的影响。首先，如果该社会的分裂结构是相互交叉重叠的，那么在独大型政党体制崩溃后，政治中的行动者可以建立新的政治联盟，新成新的稳定政党结构。其次，如果社会的分裂结构提供了在中央和地方形成不同政党结构的机制，将会减少独大型政党制度演变对政治体系稳定性带来的压力。在新的政党结构形成过程中存在更有利于趋向新秩序的因素。
[Abstract]:As a special form of multi-party system, the single large party system has always been the focus of comparative party research. The change of the political party structure in the implementation of a large single party system provides a new topic and space for the study of the party system.
In India, formed since the independence of the Congress party system has long been thought to aid in the multi cleavages of compromise and integration, to a certain extent after the India society as a unified political system is an important factor to maintain the country's.90, a big party party party competition system collapse. The diversification and localization did not make the post Congress of India's political parties to split. After the combination of differentiation and transient alliance of political turmoil, India party system is in a stable two party system of multi-party competition pattern development. Based on the evolution of Party System in India as the research object, study effect of social structure on different stages of party competition, so as to reveal the relationship between social structure and political system.
The structure of this paper is divided into five parts. Two: the method of system analysis and social analysis method of the first chapter mainly introduces the research of the party system, according to the characteristics of the India political party system, this paper will study mainly focused on the social structure. The objective of the study through the split structure of India society, describes the impact of these split the structure of party politics, the party always represents a certain social structure, social structure is a specific reaction in politics. After independence in fifty years time, the occurrence of certain changes in the social structure of India, but also from the Congress party system predominant party system to two party system of multi-party the pattern of competition.
The evolution of the second chapter to the Congress Party's one party system as the research object, to explore the social division of party system dilemma. For quite a long time after independence in Congress due to its independence movement and the history of the established route all-embracing, dominant type of party system. To the end of 80s. The predominant party system. The decline of the final collapse of Congress has its own organization construction failure, consensus traditional damage, the lack of effective division of social structure. The main reason lies in India. As a major party is rooted in place, rather than the party split structure. It represents the social groups in different states are not the same: some caste, class and racial groups is Congress in a state (as in Uttar Pradesh), and in another state Support the opposition Congress (as in Kerala). These secondary division structure does not extend to the country, Congress is to overcome this difficulty with its symbolic status and organization national construction process in the independence movement in the early period of the original and independent, and the opposition is no such resources. After 80s with the political development in modernization, political mobilization and participation in the way and the result of changes in the social structure of India is not split. But the political integration tends to become more polarized, more and more become the basis of identity split structure based on the survival of the party, to go through the full route Congress cannot also please from both the left and right sides supporters, to maintain its dominant position.
The third chapter mainly from the short history of the India people's party and the rise of people's party, the Federal Party structure change analysis of the Congress Party's one party system decline process. From the middle of 80s, Hindu society has been a revival of Hinduism in secular wave. With the Congress on the route of retreat, the Hindu nationalist activities gradually the mainstream of political identity and legitimacy. As a result of the social psychology change, India society has formed a "Hindu identity" as the characteristics of the ideological tide. The India people's party to teach India nationalist ideology is the change of the 80s India social thought reaction. After independence forty years, Congress the government did not take India from a backward country, religious opposition to a developed, secular nation. It is not finished The construction of the nation in the true sense of religion, caste, ethnic conflict has the form of a unified India society actually is still facing a serious split. Ancient traditions and local characteristics of Hindu nationalism to attention based on. Therefore, the main reason for the rise of the India people's party is the change of social structure in India in 80s no matter. The people's party, the Communist Party, or other such as the people's Party of the centre left parties, the settlement of the India issue did not leave Congress nationalist Road, they will inevitably follow the party go, but can not become the Congress alternative power. India people's party relying on its special ideology become the main competitors of the Congress party system after the decline.
The fourth chapter studies the influence of local political parties in India predominant party system. Since the formation and development of local political parties and independent interests differentiation and structure of social and economic changes. In the "new forces Green Revolution" ZTE the change of caste structure, religious forces in politics have contributed to the revival of different social groups to organize political parties influence political operation in various countries to form a unique political system. With the decline in the overall decline of Inc in the central government in the dominant position and the people's Hospital of national political power, local party and federal "suspended parliament," the more important political forces in India in the political arena. First of all, from the power structure of the Commonwealth of India, the local party changed the power structure of the parliament, it divided up the national party vote, affect joint The combination of government and stability. On the other hand, the local political parties in the state level and national political competition, forming a pattern of local party structure is different, that India's political parties to place, has greatly changed since the independence of the federal - state power structure, and may make the future of the Commonwealth of India: the development of state relations to a new stage.
Analysis of the trend since 90s, the predominant party system after the decline of India party system in Chapter fifth. With the decline of the Congress Party's one party system, Party Politics in India has entered a multi-party competition and coalition government period, the performance of the two major parties under the multi-party competition pattern. The party and the people's party in India has become a major political the two main competitors of political power. And the rising status of local political parties in federal politics make them a force to be reckoned with in multiparty politics. The old political system is broken, differentiation and reorganization of the party structure, consistency and conflict in party politics were reflected in political life. Religion, caste that nation, cross class split structure overlapping society, the structure of party competition, each actor can rely on to establish its social base of the vast The number and position, and other forces must compromise or alliance. Restricted by multi-party competition and electoral politics, after the middle of the 90s, the competition between the parties gradually from disorderly state to compromise and cooperation. With the establishment of the two party system of multi-party competition, India party politics gradually stabilized.
Through the investigation of the evolution of the single large party system in India, we can draw several general conclusions in this paper.
First, under the multi splitting social structure, if the split structure of society is not tending to integrate, but more polarised politically, the large single party system cannot be maintained for a long time.
Second, the change of the political party structure after the collapse of the single large party system is influenced by the characteristics of the social separatist structure.
First of all, if the split structure of the society is overlapping and overlapping, after the collapse of the large party system, the actors in the political field can create new political alliances, new and new stable party structures.
Secondly, if the cleavage structures provide different mechanisms of party structure in the central and local, will reduce the predominant party system to bring pressure on the stability of political system. The new trend is more conducive to the order of the factors. In the formation of new political structure

【学位授予单位】：复旦大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2007
【分类号】：D735.1

【参考文献】