美国民族关系与民族政策研究

发布时间：2018-04-21 17:10

本文选题：美国 + 民族关系　；参考：《中央民族大学》2013年博士论文

【摘要】：美国是一个了不起的世界强国,其现代政治、经济、军事、科技、文化的强势举世瞩目。但是,美国自身存在的问题也根深蒂固,以民族政治为核心的社会整合问题即是其中之一,民族歧视是它的死结。盎格鲁·遵从(Anglo-conformity)的白人至上的民族主义理念一直左右着美国的社会政治、经济、文化各领域的机制的运转。在美国230多年的历史当中,美国的民族关系经历了从与土著印第安人的对抗、奴役黑人到今天的多元文化共处,民族关系也经历了一些结构性的调整,大致出现了民族灭绝、民族强制同化、民族歧视、民族多元文化、及文化冲突等民族关系理论阶段,美国联邦政府也对其少数民族实施了民族灭绝、民族强制同化、民族隔离及多元文化政策。美国自独立以来,美国政府一直在寻求一种锻造美国文化的途径,试图把来自世界各地的人经过美国的这个大坩埚的提炼而锻造成为一种崭新的文化和民族。民族间彼此尊重是民族关系交往中的前提和基础,没有这个前提就不存在平等的基础。美国的同化主要是针对非盎格鲁·撒格逊文化而言的,在同化的过程中清教主义、社会达尔文进化论、韦伯命题、亨利·摩根索的民族主义；托马斯·潘恩的民族奠基意识、亚历山大·汉密尔顿的盎格鲁遵从、杜威的实用主义与多元文化主义、罗尔斯的自由主义、亨廷顿的文明冲突论等都对其民族政策的形成有重大的影响和作用。美国的民族问题,较之世界其他各地区有明显的特点和不同,一是体现在先期移民与土著之间发生的冲突,二是体现在移民之间,即多数移民和少数移民之间的冲突。在这些问题的前提下,形成了其独特的民族关系及其调控措施。 “盎格鲁·遵从”白人种族主义优越论是影响美国民族关系的毒瘤。美国民族关系的发展一直是以一种扭曲、狰狞的面目展现在世人面前。对抗与消极对抗的斗争一直存在于美国民族关系的发展中,在美国民族关系演变的过程中,除了白人未曾受到民族歧视和民族迫害外,其他民族无一幸免。21世纪的今天,非裔奥巴马当上了美国总统,这种情况并未发生实质性的改变。马克思主义唯物辩证法是我们的思想武器,我们应该承认美国政府在处理和解决民族及族裔问题方面,美国“大熔炉”的强制同化与同化政策意在冶炼美国人的核心价值认同方面的成功,否则也没有现在强大的美国。现在,非裔美国人、亚裔、西班牙语裔等各民族在认同这一价值的同时,仍需要谋求平等和公正。美国一方面声称人人平等,强调天赋人权理念,痴人说梦般地臆想“无差别”的社会,一方面又给每个人指定和限定了一个难以改变其民族身份归属、延续依照民族归类的政策,这其中的逻辑令人寻味与思考。在全球化进程不断加快的今天,盎格鲁·遵从理论与美国信念正在被多元文化所摇撼。美国是一个移民国家,这也就决定了它的民族关系和民族问题较之其他传统国家更为复杂,民族歧视这颗毒瘤不除,民族关系便难以达到和谐的程度。我国作为多元一体和一体多元的统一多民族国家,如何避免美国在处理民族关系与制定民族政策方面存在的的不足与错误,坚定不移地走中国特色社会主义道路,进一步完善具有中国特色的社会主义民族理论体系,实现中国各民族共同团结奋斗、共同繁荣发展,达到中国各民族和睦相处、和衷共济、和谐发展,这也是本文研究的目的和意义之所在。
[Abstract]:The United States is a great world power, with its modern political, economic, military, scientific and cultural strength to attract worldwide attention. However, the problems of its own existence are deeply rooted, and the social integration problem at the core of national politics is one of them, and national discrimination is its death. The white supremacy of Anglo compliance (Anglo-conformity) is supreme. In the history of more than 230 years in the United States, American national relations have gone through the confrontation with indigenous Indians, enslaved black people to today's multicultural coexistence, and some structural adjustments have been experienced in the relationship between the people and the people. At the stage of national relationship theory, such as national extinction, national compulsory assimilation, ethnic discrimination, ethnic multiculturalism and cultural conflict, the federal government has also carried out national extinction, national compulsory assimilation, national isolation and multicultural policy to its ethnic minorities.
Since independence, the United States has been seeking a way to forge American culture, trying to forge a new culture and nation through the refinement of the big crucible from all over the world. Mutual respect among nations is a prerequisite and foundation in the association of ethnic relations without this premise. The American assimilation is mainly aimed at non Anglo Saxon culture. In the process of assimilation, Puritanism, social Darwin evolution, Webb's proposition, Henry Morgenthau's nationalism; Thomas Paine's national foundational consciousness, Alexander Han Milton's oy compliance, pragmatism and pragmatism of Dewey Multiculturalism, Rawls's liberalism and Huntington's clash of civilizations all have a great influence on the formation of their national policies.
The national problems in the United States have obvious characteristics and differences compared with the other regions of the world. One is the conflict between the pre emigrants and the aborigines, and the two is the conflict between the immigrants, that is, the majority of the immigrants and the minority immigrants. On the premise of these problems, their unique ethnic relations and their control measures have been formed.
"Anglo obedience" is a malignant tumor affecting American ethnic relations. The development of American national relations has always been displayed in front of the world with a distorted and ferocious face. The struggle against negative confrontation has always existed in the development of American national relations, in the process of the evolution of American national relations. The whites had not been discriminated against and persecuted by ethnic groups, and the other nationalities survived the.21 century, when African American Obama became president of the United States, and this situation had not changed substantially.
Marx's materialist dialectics is our ideological weapon. We should recognize that the American government's policy of assimilation and assimilation in the "melting pot" of the United States is intended to succeed in smelting American core values, otherwise there is no powerful American. Now, African American. At the same time, the Asian, Spanish and other ethnic groups still need to seek equality and justice. On the one hand, the United States claims that everyone is equal, emphasizes the idea of natural human rights, imaginary "undifferentiated" society, and, on the one hand, assign and restrict each person to change its national identity and continue to follow. The logic of ethnic categorization is interesting and ponder.
Today, the process of globalization is accelerating, Anglo compliance theory and American belief are being shaken by multiculturalism. The United States is an immigrant country, which decides that its ethnic relations and ethnic issues are more complex than other traditional countries. Ethnic discrimination, a tumor that does not eliminate, is difficult to reach a degree of harmony.
As a multi-ethnic and integrated multi-ethnic country, China can avoid the shortcomings and mistakes of the United States in dealing with ethnic relations and formulating national policies, unswervingly take the road of socialism with Chinese characteristics, and further improve the socialistic national theory system with Chinese characteristics so as to achieve a total of all ethnic groups in China. It is also the purpose and significance of this paper to work together and strive for common prosperity and development to achieve harmony and harmonious development among all ethnic groups in China.

【学位授予单位】：中央民族大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：D771.2

【参考文献】