当代英国公共服务改革研究

发布时间：2018-05-07 16:35

本文选题：英国 + 公共服务　；参考：《山东大学》2007年博士论文

【摘要】： 20世纪70年代末以来，英国率先在全世界开展了一场持续的、声势浩大的公共服务改革运动，这一运动对政府职能的转变，政府与市场、政府与社会关系的重构，以及如何处理社会公平与效率的关系进行了积极的探索。从总体上来看，英国的改革取得了明显的成效，并产生了良好的示范效应，其改革的理念和相关方式为许多国家所推崇，从而形成一股波及欧洲大陆、美国乃至亚非发展中国家的公共服务改革浪潮。这一浪潮又极大地推进了各国政府治理的制度创新和能力提升。目前我国正处于改革深化的关键时期，同样面临着体制改革、政府职能转变、治理制度变迁等一系列深层次的问题，如何借鉴国际的成功经验，特别是系统把握和分析公共服务改革发源地一英国的实践，有的放矢地借鉴和吸收其经验教训，从公共服务改革的视角入手，研究探讨适合我国国情和现阶段发展需要、顺应全球发展潮流的政府治理新模式，对于转变政府职能，推进管理体制改革，构建公共服务型政府，具有重要意义，这也是本文研究目的之所在。英国公共服务的改革是一个延续与变革共存的统一体，是一个系统改革的过程，是各种政治、经济、社会、文化因素交织影响，各种力量相互博弈的结果。而改革的过程和效果本身又反过来对各种作用因素、力量产生了深远的影响。为准确把握和分析这一过程，本文首先借鉴了吉登斯研究社会变迁的“契机—轨迹”方法，从20多年来的英国公共服务的政策规范和典型事件的分析中，寻找出制度变迁的契机，探索一系列“契机”是如何打破或重新塑造制度组合的，在此基础上勾画出其演变的历史脉络，即所谓“轨迹”。在描述“轨迹”的基础上，根据“制度变迁”理论的分析框架，在典型事件中，分析“片断”或“契机”中所隐含的制度环境、制度安排，探究治理过程中存在的诸多因素，如集体行动者之间的权力依赖，多部门之间的合作、公私部门之间的责权划分、政府的组织框架和管理方式、社会自治网络及其功能等的作用和影响，分析英国公共服务改革过程中，各行动者及其团体采取了怎样的策略行为，参与创造了历次变革的“契机”，促成了一次次的制度变迁的发生。依据这一研究思路，本文从以下四个方面展开研究。首先，对英国公共服务制度变迁的“契机”进行分析，阐明了英国公共服务传统模式的形成过程和基本特点，并通过对英国20世纪70年代末政治、经济和社会背景的考察，揭示了传统公共服务模式面临的困境，，探究公共服务改革的现实动因，这构成了论文的第一章。其次，揭示英国公共服务改革中制度变迁的“轨迹”。面对传统公共服务模式的困境，撒切尔政府打破共识政治，以新自由主义和新保守主义思想为指导，对英国公共服务进行了以私有化为基本取向的改革，改革有得有失，但大大转变了公共服务发展的方向。后继任的梅杰政府承继了撒切尔政府的基本改革主张，并在公共服务的竞争机制和质量提升方面有新的发展。工党政府上台后，以第三条道路理论为指导，试图在市场作用和政府责任、公平与效率方面探索一条平衡发展的新路。并以推动公私合作、政府与社会、与公民合作为主要方式，对社会政策进行了重大的变革。这一改革的轨迹，构成了论文第二、第三章的内容。第三，英国公共服务改革始终贯穿着一条主线，即公共服务管制体制的改进，它为人们理解和把握改革提供了一个很好的视角。在改革的过程中，政府管制的价值取向、职能定位、手段方式和政策都发生了一系列的转变或创新。不断完善的公共服务管制体制和机制成为英国公共服务改革成功的重要保障。论文的第四章对英国公共服务的管制体制和政策进行了较为系统地分析。最后，论文根据制度变迁理论的分析框架，通过对典型改革的剖析，对英国公共服务中的制度安排和治理过程，以及各影响因素和行动体进行分析。重点从政治、经济社会、文化三个方面入手，揭示了政党、政府间关系、工会、国际组织、经济政策、社会结构以及不同方面的文化与公共服务改革之间的互动关系，进一步加深对英国公共服务改革进程及相应的政府治理创新的认识。它们共同构成了论文第五、第六、第七章的内容。本文在相关研究的基础上，在以下方面有所创新和突破：第一，论文以英国公共服务供给的困境为研究的源起，以制度变迁的整个过程为研究对象，对英国公共服务改革的动力、过程、影响因素及实际效果进行梳理，是一个相对系统的研究。第二，研究视角有不同之处。笔者认为，任何制度安排、政策变迁都是由具体的行为者在一定的社会情境中实施的，与其发生作用的环境之间有着复杂的互动关系。因此，论文运用制度分析的框架，以利益分析作为重点，从政治、社会经济、文化等方面对英国公共服务的改革进行分析，从而将问题的研究引向深入。第三，在分析过程中特别关注从公共服务本身的特质和属性来探究其供给制度变迁中政策空间的形成。第四，本文认为，英国的改革大致经历了一个从化公为私——打破垄断，促进竞争——提倡合作的过程，由此建立起的用市场机制提升效率，以政府责任保障公平，动员多元主体共同参与、合作治理的模式，应该成为公共服务改革的基本路向。
[Abstract]:Since the end of the 1970s, Britain has taken the lead in carrying out a continuous and powerful public service reform movement throughout the world. This movement has made a positive exploration on the transformation of government functions, the reconstruction of government and the market, the reconstruction of the relationship between government and society, and how to deal with the relationship between social fairness and efficiency. The reform has achieved remarkable results and has produced a good demonstration effect. The concept and methods of its reform have been admired by many countries, thus forming a wave of public service reform affecting the European continent, the United States and Asian and African countries. This wave has greatly promoted the institutional innovation and capacity of government governance in various countries. At present, our country is at the key period of the deepening of the reform. It is also faced with a series of deep-seated problems, such as the reform of the system, the transformation of government functions, the change of the governance system and so on. How to learn from the successful experience of the world, especially the practice of the system grasp and analysis of the origin of the reform of public service, and to absorb and absorb its classics with a definite target From the perspective of public service reform, it is of great significance to change government functions, promote management system reform and build a public service type government. It is also the purpose of this paper to study and discuss the new model of government governance which is suitable for the national conditions and the current development needs of our country and conforms to the global development trend.
The reform of public service in Britain is a unity of continuity and change. It is a process of system reform. It is the result of various political, economic, social and cultural factors, and the results of various forces game each other. The process and effect of the reform have a profound influence on various factors and forces in turn. In order to grasp and analyze this process, this article first draws on the "chance trajectory" method of Giddens's study of social change, and finds out the opportunity of institutional change from the policy norms and typical events of the British public service over the past 20 years, and explores a series of "opportunities" to break or remould the system combination. Based on the description of the "track" and the analysis framework of the "institutional change" theory, the system environment implied in the "fragmentary" or "turning point" is analyzed on the basis of the description of the "track", and many factors in the process of governance, such as the collective actors, are explored in the typical events. The relationship between power dependence, inter departmental cooperation, the division of responsibility between public and private sectors, the role and influence of the government's organizational framework and management mode, the social self-government network and its functions, and the analysis of how the various actors and their groups have taken strategic actions in the process of public service reform in Britain, and participate in creating a "agreement". "Machine" has contributed to the occurrence of institutional changes. Based on this research idea, this paper studies the following four aspects.
First, it analyzes the "turning point" of the changes in the British public service system, clarifies the formation process and basic characteristics of the British public service traditional mode, and reveals the difficulties faced by the traditional public service model through the investigation of the political, economic and social background of the late 1970s in Britain, and explores the reality of the reform of public service. That's the first chapter of the paper.
Secondly, it reveals the "track" of institutional change in the reform of public service in Britain. Facing the dilemma of the traditional public service mode, the Thatcher administration broke the consensus politics, guided by the Neo liberalism and the Neo conservatism, and carried out the reform of the British public service by privatization as the basic orientation. In the direction of the development of public service, the post - successor Major government inherited the basic reform of the Thatcher government and had a new development in the competition mechanism and quality improvement of public service. After the administration of the Labour Party, the third road theory was guided by the Labor Party government, trying to explore the market role and government responsibility, fairness and efficiency. The new way of balancing development has made major changes in social policy by promoting public and private cooperation, government and society, and cooperation with citizens. The track of this reform constitutes the content of the second and third chapters of the paper.
Third, the British public service reform has always run through a main line, that is, the improvement of the public service control system. It provides a good perspective for people to understand and grasp the reform. In the process of reform, the value orientation, function orientation, means and policy of government regulation have undergone a series of changes or innovations. The system and mechanism of public service control have become an important guarantee for the success of the British public service reform. The fourth chapter of the paper has made a systematic analysis of the regulation system and policy of the British public service.
Finally, according to the analysis framework of the theory of institutional change, the paper analyzes the system arrangement and the process of governance in the British public service and the influencing factors and action bodies in the British public service through the analysis of the typical reform. From three aspects of politics, economy, society and culture, the paper reveals the political parties, intergovernmental relations, trade unions, international organizations, and economy. The interaction between policy, social structure and different aspects of cultural and public service reform further deepens the understanding of the process of public service reform and the corresponding innovation of government governance in the UK. They constitute the contents of the fifth, sixth, and seventh chapters of the paper.
On the basis of related research, this paper has some innovations and breakthroughs in the following aspects: first, the thesis takes the plight of the British public service supply as the origin of the study, taking the whole process of institutional change as the research object, and combing the motivation, process, influencing factors and actual effects of the public service reform in Britain, and it is a relative systematic research. Second, the research angle of view is different. I think that any institutional arrangement and policy change are implemented by specific actors in a certain social situation, and there is a complex interaction relationship with the environment that affects them. Therefore, the paper uses the frame of institutional analysis to focus on the benefit analysis, from the political and social economy. The cultural and other aspects of the reform of British public service are analyzed, and the study of the problem is introduced into depth. Third, in the process of analysis, we pay special attention to the formation of policy space in the change of the supply system from the characteristics and attributes of the public service itself. Fourth, this article holds that the British reform has roughly experienced a Conghua public for private. The basic way of public service reform should be to break the monopoly and promote the competition - the process of promoting cooperation, thus building up the efficiency of the market mechanism, ensuring the fairness with the responsibility of the government, mobilizing the joint participation of multiple subjects and cooperative governance.

【学位授予单位】：山东大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2007
【分类号】：D756.1

【引证文献】