美国政党与选举政治（1976-2000）

发布时间：2018-05-11 03:31

本文选题：美国政党 + 选举政治　；参考：《中国社会科学院研究生院》2001年博士论文

【摘要】： 理论假设：尽管选举规则及政治环境的变化使政党在选举政治中的影响在某些方面有所下降，但是无论是在总统选举还是在国会选举中，美国政党仍然起着十分重要的作用，“为选举而存在的政党”在可见的将来依然会继续存在下去。研究方法：经验分析与计算机社会调查数据处理相结合；理论与实地考察相结合；在写作过程中先进行一般性的分析，然后具体论证，最后得出结论。理论框架：美国政党包含三个部分，一是政党组织，二是选民中的政党，三是执政党。不同部分在不同层次的选举中的作用不同。政党组织主要是筹资并为候选人提供间接的经济支持；选民中的政党，主要是指政党认同对选民个体投票行为的影响；执政党对选举的影响主要表现为候选人的在职地位对其选举经费和选举战略战术的影响及对选民投票选择的影响。研究发现：本论文在简要回顾美国政党制度形成和演变的基础上，通过对当代 (1976-2000)美国政党、选举制度和选举程序中的其它重要角色的分析，着重探讨了美国政党的特点、民主党与共和党的基本分歧以及美国政党衰落的问题。结果发现：与西方其它国家相比，美国政党的特点是稳固的两党制，，无明显阶级区别，无严格意义上的群众党员，无党中央机构的领导。民主党与共和党的基本分歧有：核心选民构成的差别、意识形态的不同、外交主导思想的分歧、具体政策的不同、心理认同的差异，其中最重要的是心理认同的差异，这是区分美国两党的重要尺度。关于美国政党衰落的问题，原来主要指选民中的政党认同减少，最近的研究表明政党认同的分布虽然有所变化，但纯粹的独立选民的比例并没有很大增长。详细的研究还表明：美国政党在选举中的提名作用因直接预选制的普及和媒体作用的上升而大为下降，但是政党认同对选民的投票选择仍然有巨大影响。此外，全国性的政党组织筹款的能力及为联邦候选人支出的能力大大加强，州和地方的政党组织为联邦候选人的竞选活动有赖于全国性的政党组织的支持。在职地位对候选人来说仍然是一个有利的因素，它给候选人带来捐款支持、广泛的知名度及免费政治广告，尤其是在国会众议员的选举中，在职因素的影响十分明显。
[Abstract]:Theoretical assumption: despite changes in electoral rules and the political environment, the influence of political parties in electoral politics is in some ways But both in the presidential election and in the congressional election, American political parties still play a very important role. Electoral parties "will continue to exist for the foreseeable future. Research methods: combination of empirical analysis and data processing of computer social survey; combination of theory and field study; In the process of writing, a general analysis, then a concrete argument, finally come to a conclusion. Theoretical framework: American political party consists of three parts, one is party organization, the other is political party among voters, and the third is ruling party. Different parts play different roles in elections at different levels. Political party organizations are primarily fund-raising and provide indirect financial assistance to candidates The influence of political party identity on the voting behavior of an individual. The influence is mainly reflected in the influence of the incumbent position of the candidate on their election funds, election strategy and tactics, and the choice of voters to vote. The impact of On the basis of a brief review of the formation and evolution of the political party system in the United States, this paper analyzes the current situation of the political party system in the United States. An analysis of other important roles in the American political party, electoral system, and electoral process, with emphasis on the United States The characteristics of political parties, the basic differences between Democrats and Republicans, and the decline of American political parties. The results show that: with the West, Compared with its country, American political parties are characterized by a firm two-party system, with no obvious class distinction or strict mass party. There is no leader in the Central Committee of the Party. The basic differences between Democrats and Republicans are: the difference in the composition of the core voters, the form of consciousness The difference of state, the difference of the leading thought of diplomacy, the difference of concrete policy, and the difference of psychological identity, the most important of which is the heart. The difference in rational identity is an important yardstick for distinguishing the two parties in the United States. When it comes to the decline of political parties in the United States, it originally mainly refers to the election. Party identity among the people has declined, and recent research shows that the distribution of party identity has changed, but it is purely independent voters The ratio has not increased much. Detailed research also shows that the nomination role of American political parties in elections is due to the direct pre-election system. Popularity and increased media role have declined, but party identity still has a huge impact on voters' choice of vote. In addition, the ability of national party organizations to raise funds and to spend on federal candidates has been greatly enhanced, and state and local politics have been greatly enhanced The party's campaign for a federal candidate depends on the support of national party organizations. Incumbency for candidates It continues to be a positive factor in bringing donor support, wide visibility and free political advertising to candidates, in particular It is in the election of members of Congress, the influence of the incumbency is very obvious.
【学位授予单位】：中国社会科学院研究生院
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2001
【分类号】：D771.2

【引证文献】