基于历史文化视角的普京道路研究

发布时间：2018-05-11 10:14

本文选题：普京道路 + 历史文化视角　；参考：《黑龙江大学》2011年博士论文

【摘要】：俄国的专制制度是在俄罗斯领土统一、对外扩张、捍卫国家领土完整和主权的过程中形成的,集权制度在俄国历史上发挥了积极的作用。俄罗斯国家强大的同时俄罗斯社会却在不断缩小,经济落后导致人民的政治参与意识极低,人民把改善生活的希望寄托在了“好沙皇”身上,而不是建立一个限制最高权力的法律机制。俄国历史上的大贵族杜马、缙绅会议和国家杜马从没在政治领域扮演过重大角色,它们在多数情况下没有立法权或仅有有限的立法权。自古以来俄国的政治制度就缺乏权力分享机制。1993年俄罗斯全民公决通过的宪法继承了这一传统。普京担任俄罗斯总统期间利用居高不下的民意支持率和国家杜马中统一俄罗斯党的支持,把1993年宪法规定的总统权力变成了政治现实,在俄罗斯建立起了以总统权力为核心的垂直权力体系。对外扩张是俄罗斯外交传统中的一条主线。沙皇俄国和社会主义的苏联都曾采用过合纵连横、外交讹诈等手段,凭借强大的军事力量,获得了在黑海、波罗的海和太平洋的出海口,把偏居东欧一隅的莫斯科公国变成了横跨欧亚两大洲的超级帝国。在长期的对外战争中,俄罗斯人民的爱国主义、大国思想和国家观念不断得到强化和巩固。实用主义是俄罗斯外交传统的一个突出特点。俄罗斯在国力衰弱时期,充分施展纵横捭阖、远交近攻、分化离间等实用主义外交策略,利用大国之间的矛盾,不惜牺牲他国的主权和利益,依然能够维护、甚至扩大俄罗斯的国家利益。当然,世界各国也一次次见证了俄罗斯背叛盟友的历史。普京提出的“富民强国”战略目标就包含了爱国主义、大国思想和国家观念等内容,普京加强中央集权的治国措施以及恢复俄罗斯大国地位的外交政策目标符合俄罗斯人心中对政治强人的期望。普京在实现俄罗斯国家利益的过程中,与俄罗斯历代统治者一样,在国力衰弱之时,采用与西方做交易的实用主义外交手段;而在国力恢复之后,开始转向咄咄逼人的大国外交,普京继承了俄国的地缘政治理论和传统安全观。 “主权民主”理论集中体现了普京内政外交方针的历史文化继承性。与俄罗斯历史上的“莫斯科-第三罗马”、官方人民性理论一样,主权民主同样也强调俄罗斯的特殊性,强调集权政治制度在俄罗斯的合理性,反对西方在俄罗斯民主建设问题上指手画脚;与历史上支持俄罗斯谋求欧洲霸权的“武装中立宣言”和“神圣同盟”一样,主权民主强调俄罗斯在欧洲和世界上的大国地位,俄罗斯要在国际事务中发出自己的声音。大量调查数据显示,西方式的自由、民主等政治权利并不是俄罗斯民众最重要的价值追求,对他们来说,稳定、秩序和提高生活水平才是第一位的需求。普京充分考虑到了俄罗斯社会的现实需求和历史文化传统。普京的成功在于对历史文化传统的合理扬弃。
[Abstract]:Russia's autocratic system was formed in the process of Russian territorial unity, external expansion, and defense of the national territorial integrity and sovereignty. The centralization system played a positive role in the Russian history. Russian society was strong while Russian society was narrowing, and the people's political participation was very low. The hope of improving life lies in the "good czar", rather than establishing a legal mechanism to limit the highest power. The great nobles of Russian history, the gentry and the State Duma have never played a major role in the political field. In most cases, they have no legislative power or limited legislative power. The political system lacks the power sharing mechanism, which inherited this tradition by the constitution passed by the Russian referendum in.1993. As president of Russia, Putin used the high rate of public opinion and the support of the United Russia party in the State Duma to transform the general power stipulated in the 1993 constitution into political reality and to build it in Russia. The vertical power system with the core of presidential power has been established.
The Russian foreign expansion is a main line in the Russian diplomatic tradition. Both the Czar and the socialist Soviet Union, both of the Soviet Union and the socialist Soviet Union, used the means of concomorism, diplomatic blackmail and other means, and by virtue of their powerful military forces, they got the mouth of the Black Sea, the Baltic Sea and the Pacific, and turned the Moscow principality of the East Europe into the two continents. In the long external war, the patriotic spirit of the Russian people, the idea of big powers and the concept of the state have been strengthened and consolidated.
Pragmatism is a prominent feature of the Russian diplomatic tradition. In the period of the weakness of the national strength, Russia has made full use of the pragmatic diplomatic strategies, such as the unity, the far attack, the differentiation and the alienation and other pragmatism, and the use of the contradictions among the great powers, at the expense of the sovereignty and interests of other countries, to maintain and even expand the national interests of Russia. Of course, the world is in the world. All countries have witnessed the history of Russia's betrayal of allies again and again.
The strategic goal of "rich people and great power" put forward by Putin includes patriotism, great powers thought and state concept, and the foreign policy goal of strengthening the centralization of central power by Putin and the foreign policy goal of restoring the status of Russia are in line with the expectations of the Russians in the hearts of the political strong men. In the process of realizing the Russian national interests, Putin is in the process of realizing the Russian national interests. Like the rulers of the past generations of Russia, when the national strength was weak, the pragmatic diplomatic means of trading with the West were adopted, and after the national strength was restored, it began to turn to aggressive power diplomacy, and Putin inherited the Russian geopolitical theory and the traditional security concept.
The theory of "Sovereign Democracy" embodies the historical and cultural inheritance of Putin's internal and foreign policy. Like the "Moscow third Rome" in Russian history, as well as the official theory of people's nature, sovereignty and democracy also emphasizes the particularity of Russia, emphasizes the rationality of the centralized political system in Russia and Ross, and oppose western democracy in Russia. Like the "Declaration of armed neutrality" and "holy alliance", which historically support Russia for European hegemony, sovereign democracy emphasizes Russia's status as a big country in Europe and the world. Russia wants to make its own voice in international affairs. Large survey data show that western style freedom, democracy, etc. Political rights are not the most important value pursuit of the Russian people. For them, stability, order and improvement of living standards are the needs of the first place. Putin fully takes into account the realistic needs of Russian society and the historical and cultural traditions.
Putin's success lies in the rational abandonment of historical and cultural traditions.

【学位授予单位】：黑龙江大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：D751.2

【参考文献】