论影响中亚稳定的两大因素：伊斯兰教与大国争夺

发布时间：2018-05-28 01:37

本文选题：中亚 + 伊斯兰教　；参考：《中国社会科学院研究生院》2000年博士论文

【摘要】： 论文论述了伊斯兰教在中亚地区传播、发展的历史，以及冷战结束后大国势力在这一地区的角逐与争夺，侧重论述苏联解体以后中亚伊斯兰教的状况及与地区稳定的关系。公元七世纪末八世纪初，阿拉伯帝国势力开始对中亚进行军事进攻、经济掠夺和宗教传播。伊斯兰教正是在这一时期传入中亚，迄今已有1200多年的历史。中亚地区在历史上曾经繁荣过，是各种文明交融、汇集、碰撞的舞台。伊斯兰教在中亚的传播相当不均衡，呈由南向北依次减弱状。同典型的近东穆斯林国家相比，中亚伊斯兰教属于区域型，边缘型，此为其一。其二，由于中亚在地缘上具有“双重边缘性”，处于定居文明和游牧文明的交汇处，相应地也就有“早期伊斯兰化”和“晚期伊斯兰化”的划分。伊斯兰教传入中亚以后，也有一个民族化和本土化的过程。这一过程持续了上百年的时间，当伊斯兰教通过暴力与和平两种方式传播进来以后，便以顽强的生命力迅速蔓延。沙皇俄国向中亚地区的扩张始于十八世纪中叶，哈萨克草原是首选目标。俄罗斯是东正教居主导地位的国家，伊斯兰教的地位和势力没有东正教大，但沙俄统治者仍对伊斯兰教采取了一种宽容、理解甚至是支持的政策。中亚伊斯兰教在当时既保留了其固有的特点，也有鲜明的地区特色。与此同时，沙俄的统治也给中亚地区带来了欧洲工业文明的讯息，对伊斯兰教产生了强烈的冲击，使中亚的经济结构中出现了某些资本主义因素。为巩固对中亚的统治，沙俄对伊斯兰教实行控制与利用的两手策略。随着海上航运的开辟，古代丝绸之路也随之趋于衰落，中亚社会特有的封闭性开始显现。沙俄的崩溃促进了中亚各族人民的觉醒。从此，中亚的社会政治生活发生了全新的变化。十月革命后，苏维埃政府制订了一系列宗教政策。苏维埃政权建立后的头十年是处理民族宗教问题比较谨慎的时期，在中亚采取了一些既有别于俄罗斯又符合中亚实际情况的宽松政策和措施，甚至沙俄时期某些有关伊斯兰教的规定也被原封不动地保留下来。勃列日涅夫执政后，在建成发达社会主义社会超越阶段思想的指导下，对待宗教的极左倾向十分严重。尽管长期无神论宣传在某种程度上削弱了宗教的社会作用，但伊斯兰教似乎有更顽强的生存能力，植根于信教群众心中的宗教信仰仍孕含着巨大的社会潜能。戈尔巴乔夫于1985年3月担任苏共总书记后，苏联对宗教和宗教组织的严格管理与监督出现失控，长期受压抑的中亚伊斯兰教呈复苏态势。苏联解体使中亚地区的意识形态领域出现真空，已经沉淀为民族意识重要组成部分的伊斯兰教便乘虚而入，迅速蔓延，渗入社会生活的各个领域。由于社会历史状况不同，，中亚五国伊斯兰教复兴的程度也各有特点，发展是不平衡的。塔吉克人和乌兹别克人较早接受了农耕文明，而哈萨克人、吉尔吉斯人和土库曼人长期从事游牧生活。由于伊斯兰教传入中亚各国的时间不同，伊斯兰教对中亚各国的影响表现为由南向北逐渐减弱，即在中亚，塔、乌受伊斯兰文化的影响较深，而哈、吉和土受伊斯兰文化的影响相对要小一些。在哈北部地区，东正教的影响甚至比伊斯兰教的影响还要大。哈萨克斯坦经常使用“伊斯兰复兴”这个概念，但哈的伊斯兰教从复苏到复兴的过程也是当地穆斯林群众宗教意识增强和民族意识觉醒的过程，它同特定历史条件下的社会发展进程是紧密联系在一起的。哈当代社会文化、宗教的多样性，具有植根于欧亚大陆历史的深厚渊源。这种多样性的现实，客观上不允许某一种宗教在国家占据绝对主导地位。乌兹别克斯坦的伊斯兰复兴运动显然更广泛、更活跃、更深刻。伊斯兰因素在乌民众意识中根深蒂固。由于吉尔吉斯民族长期处于游牧或半游牧状态，伊斯兰教对其影响要比乌和塔弱。他们似乎保留着拜物教的形式，对伊斯兰教规和仪式的遵守则多限于生活层面上。伊斯兰教之所以能在塔吉克族中历久弥新，是回为在相当长的历史时期里，宗教信仰还仅仅是一种生话方式，尚未成为具有明确政治目标的信念。苏联解体以后；土库曼斯坦的国内政治气氛骤然宽松，加之受周边伊斯兰国家影响较深，伊斯十运动亦比较活跃。但同中亚其他国家相比；土库曼斯坦是伊斯兰化程度最低的国家之一。中亚各国伊斯兰复兴运动大多停留在文化层面上，主要表现为民族文化和民族精神的复兴。但是若不加以必要疏导，极有可能对社会稳定和地区安全构成潜在威胁。中亚各国独立后，相继颁布宪法和法律，确立了民主、世俗、法制的国家政体和发展万向，为防l卜宗教干预国家社会政治主活提供了怯律保障。由于这一地区历史遗留问题较多，民
[Abstract]:The paper discusses the history of the spread and development of Islam in Central Asia , and the power of great powers after the end of the cold war .

The region ' s angle of contention and contention focused on the situation of Islam in Central Asia after the disintegration of the Soviet Union and its relationship with regional stability .

By the end of the seventh century and the beginning of the eighth century , the forces of the Arab Empire began military attacks on Central Asia , economic looting and religion

The Islamic Republic of China has been in Central Asia for more than 1,200 years . Central Asia has been in history

Once prosperous , it is the stage of the blending , collection and collision of civilizations . Islam ' s spread in Central Asia is quite uneven ,

In descending order from south to north , Islam in Central Asia is regional , edge compared to a typical UNRWA Muslim country .

This is one of them . Second , because Central Asia has " double marginality " on the border , it is in settled civilization and nomadic civilization .

At the crossroads , there is also a division of " early Islamic " and " late Islamic " . Islam is introduced into Central Asia

In the future , there is also a process of nationalization and localization . This process continues for hundreds of years , when Islam is adopted

The spread of violence and peace in both ways has rapidly spread with a strong vitality .

The expansion of the Czar Russia to the Central Asian region began in the middle of the eighteenth century , and the Kazakh steppe was the preferred target . Russia is the east

The dominant State of Islam , the status and influence of Islam are not Orthodox , but the rulers of the Russian Federation are still in Islam .

Education has adopted a policy of tolerance , understanding and even support . Islam in Central Asia retains its inherent characteristics at that time ,

At the same time , Russia ' s rule also brought the message of European industrial civilization to the Central Asia region ,

A strong impact on Islam has led to some capitalist elements in the economic structure of Central Asia .

The rule of Central Asia , the two - hand strategy of the control and utilization of Islam to Islam . With the development of maritime navigation , ancient silk

The road of the Silk Road also tends to fade , and the unique closure of the Central Asian society begins to appear . The collapse of the Russian Federation promotes the people of Central Asia .

Since then , the social and political life in Central Asia has changed completely .

After the October Revolution , the Soviet government has set up a series of religious policies . The first decade after the establishment of the Soviet regime is to deal with

During a period of more careful ethnic and religious issues , a number of countries have taken steps in Central Asia , not only in Russia but also in Central Asia .

Loose policies and measures , or even some of the provisions of Islam in the Russian - Russian period , were kept intact .

Although long - term atheistic propaganda has somehow weakened the social role of religion , Islam seems to have more

After zhnev ' s administration , under the guidance of the advanced thought of the developed socialist society , the extreme left tendency towards religion is ten .

The persistent ability to survive is rooted in the belief that religious belief in the mass of believers still contains enormous social potential .

Since March 1985 as the general secretary of the Soviet Union , the Soviet Union was out of control and supervision over the strict management and supervision of religious and religious organizations ,

The collapse of the Soviet Union resulted in a vacuum in the ideological field in the Central Asian region ,

Islam , which has been precipitated as an important part of the national consciousness , flies in vain , spreads rapidly and seeps into the social life

and the like .

Due to the different social and historical conditions , the degree of Islamic renaissance in the five countries of Central Asia is different , and the development is unbalanced .

The Tajik and Uzbek people had accepted the farming civilization earlier , while the Kazakh , Kyrgyz and Turkmenistan had long been

The impact of Islam on the countries of Central Asia is manifested by the different time between Islam and the countries of Central Asia .

The decline from south to north , that is , in Central Asia , the tower , and the Ummah , is affected by Islamic culture , while Ha , ji and Turkey are affected by Islam .

The influence of the culture is relatively small . In the northern region , the influence of the Orthodox Church is even greater than the influence of Islam .

Kazakhstan often uses the concept of " Islamic renaissance " , but the process of Islam ' s recovery from recovery to revival

It is also the process of strengthening the religious consciousness and awakening of the national consciousness of the local Muslim masses , which is the same as the social development under certain historical conditions .

The exhibition process is closely linked together . The cultural and religious diversity of the contemporary society is rooted in the history of Eurasia .

The reality of this kind of diversity objectively does not allow a religion to occupy absolute dominance in the country .

The Islamic renaissance movement is clearly broader , more active and deeper , and the Islamic factor is in the consciousness of the Ukrainian people .

deep - rooted . As the Kyrgyz nation is in the nomadic or semi - nomadic state for a long period of time , Islam has more influence on its influence than Wu and the tower

Weak . They seem to retain the form of worship , and the observance of the rules and rituals of Islam is limited to the level of life .

in that very long historical period of time , the religion of the Russian federation is only one of the most important part of the nation ' s history .

It is a way of life that has not yet become a faith with a clear political goal . After the disintegration of the Soviet Union ;
Turkmenistan

The political mood is suddenly relaxed and the influence of the surrounding Islamic State is deeper , and the Ideci campaign is more active . But in Central Asia

Compared with other countries ;
Turkmenistan is one of the lowest Islamic countries .

The Islamic renaissance movement in Central Asia is mostly on the cultural level , mainly in the national culture and national spirit .

However , if it is not necessary to evacuate , it is highly likely to pose a potential threat to social stability and regional security . Central Asia States

After independence , the constitution and the law were promulgated successively , which established the national polity and development universal of democracy , secularism and rule of law .

Religious interference in the social and political affairs of the State provides the protection of the law , because the problem of historical remains in this area is more , the people
【学位授予单位】：中国社会科学院研究生院
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2000
【分类号】：D736

【引证文献】