试论战后美国对外经济援助

发布时间：2018-05-29 11:11

本文选题：对外经济援助 + 政治性　；参考：《复旦大学》2010年博士论文

【摘要】： 对外经济援助是当代国际关系中的一个复杂的而又十分重要的课题。战后几十年来,出于对外战略的需要、国际社会的压力以及人道主义的目的,以美国为首的西方国家一直向发展中国家提供经济援助。回顾美国对外经济援助的发展历史,我们可以发现一个值得深思的事实——美国的对外经济援助只有一小部分给予了最不发达国家,而正是那些相对发达的国家——如以色列,获得了美国对外经济援助的大部分。这促使我们反思美国对外经济援助的动机和本质。本文对美国对外经济援助进行了比较系统的考察,侧重于对美国对外经援政策作政治分析,探讨美国对外经济援助的目标、实现目标的手段与途径及其实际效果。冷战时期,美国的对外经济援助服务于对苏遏制战略。在这一时期,大部分援助是在遏制共产主义扩张的目标下提供的。在受援国的选择上,具有重要战略地位的国家,意识形态与美国相同的国家,愿意加入到反苏阵营当中的国家,是美国的主要考虑对象。冷战结束后,随着苏联威胁的消失,对外援助的战略地位曾一度下滑,援助资金也大幅度减少,其主要目标是推进民主和自由。“9·11”事件后,恐怖主义成为美国国家安全的重要威胁,布什政府提出了一套以反对恐怖主义为核心的新的国家安全战略,对外经济援助在美国外交中再次受到重视。发展还第一次被列为美国国家安全的三大支柱之一。在对当前学术界主要研究成果进行梳理的基础上,本文第一章界定了“对外经济援助”的概念,并认为美国对外经济援助本质上是政治性的,表现在政策目标、决策过程、实现方式和现实功用各个方面。第二章回顾了美国对外经济援助的发展历史,分析了美国对外经济援助的战略目标体系。第三章分析了对外经济援助与美国的现实主义和理想主义外交传统的关系,认为美国对外经济援助根源于美国的外交传统,是现实主义与理想主义共同作用于美国外交政策的最好体现。第四章考察了利益集团因素对美国对外经济援助的影响。第五章对美国对外经济援助目标的实现方式进行了详细研究,包括选择性援助、有条件援助以及援助制裁。第六章选取美国对以色列的经济援助为典型案例进行研究,探讨了经济援助在美国处理双边关系和全球战略中的作用。通过分析,本文得出如下结论：美国的对外经济援助并非像有人认为的那样是无偿的赠与和施舍,相反,从一开始它就被用于战略与外交目的。对外经济援助为美国提供了一个影响和控制受援国的有效的外交工具,该工具今后相当长的时期还会继续存在,但其在国际关系实践中的效果并不如美国所期望,在冷战结束后尤其如此。实际上,由于美国在制定外援政策时带有明显的功利主义色彩,对受援国附加各种政治经济条件,甚至在实施援助时为达目的不择手段,在某种程度上已经引起了受援国的警惕。而且,构建在经济援助上的“控制——反控制”关系是短暂的、脆弱的。
[Abstract]:Foreign economic assistance is a complex and important subject in contemporary international relations . For decades after the war , the pressure of the international community , as well as the humanitarian purpose , has been providing economic assistance to developing countries for the sake of foreign strategies . Looking back on the history of the development of foreign economic assistance in the United States , we can find out that there is only a small part of the U.S . foreign economic assistance to the least developed countries , and the relatively developed countries , such as Israel , have received most of the U.S . foreign economic assistance . This has prompted us to reflect on the motivation and nature of U.S . foreign economic assistance .

After the Cold War , with the disappearance of the threat of the Soviet Union , the strategic position of foreign aid has declined , the strategic position of foreign aid has declined , and the aid money has been greatly reduced . The Bush administration has put forward a new national security strategy with the core of counter - terrorism , and foreign economic assistance has been paid more attention in U.S . diplomacy for the first time .

Chapter Three analyzes the relationship between American foreign economic assistance and American foreign economic assistance . Chapter Three analyzes the relationship between American foreign economic assistance and American foreign economic assistance . Chapter Three analyzes the relationship between foreign economic assistance and American foreign economic assistance . Chapter Three analyzes the relationship between foreign economic assistance and American foreign economic assistance . Chapter Three analyzes the influence of interest group factors on U.S . foreign economic assistance . Chapter V examines the U.S . foreign economic assistance as a typical case study , and probes into the role of economic aid in the United States in dealing with bilateral relations and global strategies .

Through the analysis , this paper concludes that the U.S . foreign economic assistance is not as a free gift and charity as anyone thinks . In contrast , it has been used for strategic and diplomatic purposes from the beginning . Foreign economic assistance has provided the United States with an effective diplomatic tool to influence and control the recipient countries . In fact , the effectiveness of the tool in international relations practice is not as good as that of the United States . In fact , since the United States has a clear utilitarian color in the development of foreign aid policies , it has raised the vigilance of recipient countries in some degree . Furthermore , the " control _ control " relationship built on economic assistance is transient and fragile .
【学位授予单位】：复旦大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：D771.2;F171.2

【引证文献】