美国进步主义时代专家参政现象研究，1900-1920

发布时间：2018-06-01 17:03

本文选题：专家参政 + 进步主义时代　；参考：《南开大学》2012年博士论文

【摘要】：在20世纪初的进步主义时代，美国政治中出现了一种专家参政的新现象，即一大批以大学教授为代表的专业学者离开了校园，作为专家参与到这一时期的政府事务之中。这种现象随着进步主义改革的开展而在美国变得越来越普遍和引人注目。1917年美国参加第一次世界大战后，专家参政更是形成了一个前所未有的高潮。专家参政现象之所以在进步主义时代出现，主要是由两方面的历史因素所促成。一方面，美国的高等教育在1870年前后揭开了变革的帷幕。这场被后世称为“大学革命”的高等教育变革不仅造就了一批现代研究型大学，还导致了学术的专业化和职业化，使大学教员开始真正地成为“以学术为业”的专业学者。这些大学里的专家在社会责任和服务理念的驱使下，愿意走出象牙塔外，参与公共生活，用他们的专业知识为政府服务。另一方面，内战后的美国经历了城市化和工业化的全面转型。伴随着这一进程，美国社会中出现了许多技术性难题和严峻的社会问题。进步主义改革者们意识到，这些“工业－城市”社会的新问题不是昔日“乡村共和国”时代形成的小而弱的政府可以解决的，也不是仅仅依据常识、道德和法律知识就能处理的，美国各级政府必须在扩大其规模和职能的同时转而向当时出现的大学里的专家寻求帮助，以期后者能运用其专长协助政府对公共事务进行有效的管理。这种依靠专家提高政府效率以应对工业化和城市化时代挑战的理念，使专家参政与进步主义改革几乎成了共生现象。可以说，进步主义改革在州政、市政和联邦政治层面兴起之际，也是专家参政在这些层面出现之时。在州一级进步主义改革一马当先的威斯康星州，，“（大）学、（政）府”之间建立了广泛合作的关系，许多威斯康星大学的教授们都在为州政府提供其所需要的专家服务。这种专家参政的改革经验被冠以“威斯康星理念”之名而传遍美国。与此同时，在市政改革进行得如火如荼的纽约、芝加哥等大城市，当地的大学学者不仅个人作为专家参与市政管理，还成立独立的非政府性专家机构来为市政改革服务。这种独立专家机构始于纽约市，很快就在美国50多个城市有了翻版，开公共管理思想库之先河。联邦政治中的专家参政则以1901年西奥多·罗斯福入主白宫为标志，在科技、社会经济监管和外交等领域形成不可逆转之势，并在其后的塔夫脱和威尔逊两届总统任内得以继续。到第一次世界大战美国处于“总体战争”的紧急状况下，专家参政更是扩展到了与赢得战争有关的所有领域，在广度和深度上都不是和平时期可以比拟的。诚然，在1900至1920年的进步主义时期，以大学教授为代表的学术界人士积极参与公共事务，协助政府解决国家政治、经济、社会领域直至战争中的各种疑难问题，不仅帮助社会转型时期的美国政府改善了治理能力和政府效率，促进了美国现代国家的构建，而且实现了专业化学术的社会价值，提高了大学以及学者在美国社会中的地位。但是，我们也必须注意到，专家参政在具体实践中也产生了一些违背民意的消极结果。更重要的是，我们不能过高估计大学学者作为政府专家在美国政治中的实际作用和影响。说到底，那些在政府中扮演专家角色的大学学者主要承担的是技术性、咨询性和执行性的职能，他们与政治权力的中心还有一定距离。专家参政绝不等于专家治国。
[Abstract]:In the progressive era of the early twentieth Century, a new phenomenon of expert participation in the politics of the United States appeared in the American politics. A large number of professional scholars, represented by university professors, left the campus and participated as experts in the government affairs of this period. This phenomenon became more and more common in the United States with the development of progressive reform. People pay attention to.1917. After the United States participated in the first World War, experts participated in politics and formed an unprecedented climax.
The phenomenon of expert participation appeared in the progressive era, mainly caused by two historical factors. On the one hand, the higher education in the United States opened the curtain of change before and after the 1870. The higher education reform, known as the "University revolution" by the later generations, not only created a batch of modern research universities, but also led to academic research. The professionalization and professionalization of the university faculty began to truly become a "academic" professional. In these universities, the experts, driven by social responsibility and service concepts, were willing to go out of the ivory tower, participate in public life and serve the government with their professional knowledge. On the other hand, after the civil war, the United States had experienced urbanization and its experience. With the overall transformation of industrialization, with this process, there are many technical problems and serious social problems in American society. Progressives reformers realize that the new problems of these "industrial cities" society are not solved by the small, weak governments of the former "rural Republic" era, and not only based on it. Common sense, moral and legal knowledge can be dealt with. At the same time, governments at all levels in the United States must seek help from experts in universities that have appeared at the same time, while expanding their size and functions, so that the latter can use their expertise to help the government to manage public affairs effectively.
The idea of relying on experts to improve government efficiency in response to the challenges of the era of industrialization and urbanization has made the participation of experts and progressives almost a symbiotic phenomenon. It can be said that progressialist reform is at the time of State Administration, municipal and federal politics, and also when experts participate in these levels. Progressives at the state level In Wisconsin, the reform of the state of Wisconsin, the "(big) school and the government" established a broad cooperative relationship, and many professors at the University of Wisconsin were providing the state government with the expert services it needed. The experience of the reform of the experts was spread to the United States as the name of the "Wisconsin concept". In big cities such as New York, Chicago and other big cities, local academics not only participated in municipal administration as experts, but also established independent non-governmental experts to serve the municipal reform. This independent expert system began in New York, and has quickly reopened the more than 50 cities in the United States and opened the public management thought library. Expert participation in federal politics, marked by Theodore Roosevelt in the White House in 1901, formed an irreversible trend in the fields of science, technology, social and economic supervision and diplomacy, and continued in the subsequent two presidents of Taft and Wilson. To the first World War, the United States was in a "general war" emergency. In the meantime, the participation of experts in politics is extended to all fields related to winning wars, but not in breadth and depth.
It is true that during the progressive period from 1900 to 1920, the academics represented by university professors were actively involved in public affairs and helped the government to solve various difficult problems in the political, economic, social and war areas of the country, which not only helped the American government in the period of social transition to improve its governance and government efficiency, but also promoted the United States. The construction of a modern country has realized the social value of professional chemistry and improved the status of universities and scholars in the American society. However, we must also note that experts' participation in politics has also produced some negative results against public opinion. More importantly, we can not overestimate the university scholars as a government specialist. In the end, college scholars who play expert roles in the government are mainly responsible for technical, advisory and executive functions, and they have a certain distance from the center of political power. Expert participation is not equal to the rule of experts.
【学位授予单位】：南开大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：K712.51;D771.2

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