女性主义视角下美国政治生态中女性的上升困境研究

发布时间：2018-06-05 00:21

本文选题：性别刻板印象 + 性别差异　；参考：《西华师范大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：联合国指出“性别平等不仅是一项基本人权,也是和平,繁荣和可持续的世界必不可少的基石”,政治上的性别平等是实现性别平等最根本和最终途径。然而在现实生活中,政治上的性别平等远未实现,探求女性在追寻政治平等和政治上升过程中的发展与困境,阻力与优势,美国政治生态中女性的现状和性别差异现象,无疑是个极好的范本。本文选取美国政治生态顶层,议员和总统这两个生态位。其中,以总统选举为重点,选取希拉里的第二次总统竞选作为研究范例,以女性选民,女候选人的双重视角研究“性别刻板印象”和性别差异的交互影响。通过“生理性别”“社会性别”“性别刻板印象”“性别图示理论”等性别政治中的核心概念和理论,分析美国大选投票中性别差异的现象和原因;并以此探讨美国大选中,选民在投票行为上的偏好以及性别因素对这种偏好性行为的影响;同时,通过探讨女性总统候选人在大选中面临的来自选民和媒体的性别偏见,探讨性别因素与美国政治生态顶层女性的上升困境之间的联系。研究发现,美国政治生态中性别不平等现象仍然存在,主要表现为女性的上升困境:在美国政治生态的顶层,女性尤其弱势,至今尚无女性成功挑战总统之位。政治女性的上升困境,不仅表现为女性的代表性不够,还表现为女性长期屈居于美国政治生态的下游。尽管民调显示大部分美国人认可女性的领导能力,然而,女性在选举中仍然面临“性别刻板印象”的制约,受到来自选民和媒体的双重偏见。除了“性别刻板印象”的制约外,女性普遍缺乏政治抱负导致女性参选率不够,也是制约美国政治生态顶层女性上升的重要原因。美国大选中的性别差异,指的是大选中男性和女性选民在投票行为和投票偏好的性别差异性,一方面表现为女性更支持女性,特别是民主党女性,男性则倾向于支持共和党候选人;另一方面,性别认同并未超越党派认同,因此,女性候选人在“性别刻板印象”效应上损失的选票,并不足以通过性别差异得到补充。
[Abstract]:The UN noted that "gender equality is not only a fundamental human right, but also an indispensable cornerstone of a peaceful, prosperous and sustainable world", and that political gender equality is the most fundamental and final way to achieve gender equality. However, in real life, the gender equality in politics is far from being realized. This paper explores the development and predicament, resistance and advantages of women in the process of pursuing political equality and political rise, and the current situation and gender differences of women in American political ecology. It is undoubtedly an excellent model. In this paper, the top political ecology of the United States, legislators and the President of the two ecological niche. Among them, taking the presidential election as the focus, Hillary Clinton's second presidential election is taken as the research example, and the "gender stereotype" and the interaction between gender differences are studied from the perspective of female voters and female candidates. Through the core concepts and theories in gender politics, such as "physiological gender," gender stereotype, "gender stereotype" and "gender representation theory," this paper analyzes the phenomena and causes of gender differences in American general election, and probes into the causes of gender differences in American general election. Voters' preferences in voting behavior and the impact of gender factors on this predilection; and by exploring the gender bias that women presidential candidates face in general elections, from voters and the media, To explore the relationship between gender factors and the rising plight of women at the top of American political ecology. The study found that gender inequality still exists in the American political ecology, mainly manifested in the rising plight of women: at the top of American political ecology, women are especially weak, and so far no woman has successfully challenged the presidency. The rising dilemma of political women is not only the lack of representation of women, but also the long-term submission of women to the lower reaches of American political ecology. Although polls show that a majority of Americans recognize women's leadership, women still face "gender stereotypes" in elections, subject to double bias from voters and the media. Besides the restriction of "gender stereotype", the lack of political ambition leads to the lack of female participation rate, which is also an important reason for restricting the rise of women at the top of American political ecology. The gender difference in the United States election refers to the gender difference between male and female voters in voting behavior and preference in general elections. On the one hand, women are more supportive of women, especially Democratic women. Men tend to support Republican candidates; on the other hand, gender identity does not surpass party identity, so female candidates do not lose enough votes on the "gender stereotype" effect to be supplemented by gender differences.
【学位授予单位】：西华师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D771.2;C913.68

【参考文献】