苏联政治生活中的非制度化现象研究

发布时间：2018-06-22 04:45

本文选题：苏联 + 政治生活　；参考：《华东师范大学》2003年博士论文

【摘要】： 从人类社会发展和人类文明演进的实际进程来看，是资本主义第一次实现了政治制度化的政治实践形式。这就是说，资本主义的政治生活具有了民主化、规范化、法制化、程序化和可预测性的特征。从理论意义上讲，社会主义制度本应是比资本主义制度更为高级的社会实践形式，本应是使在资本主义制度下所取得的政治制度化成果获得更为生动、具体的鲜活内容，然而，在苏共执政过程中，非但没有实现这种超越，反而在苏联的政治实践中产生了大量的非制度化的现象。造成这种情况的原因是什么?它对苏联政治生活的演进产生了什么样的影响和后果?正是这些疑问，促使我开始对苏联政治生活中的非制度化现象发生兴趣的。本论文即是从非制度化的角度对苏联政治及其走向败亡所进行的一项初步研究。本论文由七个部分组成。绪论部分首先在对苏联政治及其败亡的研究现状作出说明的基础上，阐明为什么要选择从“非制度化”的视角对苏联政治进行研究。然后对本文所涉及的主要概念——制度化、政治制度化、非制度化等作了阐释。最后对本论文所运用的研究方法作了简要说明。第一章对苏联的基本政治制度模式及其弊端进行了梳理。探明苏联的基本政治制度模式是我们分析苏联政治生活中的非制度化现象的前提和基础。因为只有弄明白苏联的基本政治制度模式，才能很好地认识到苏联政治运行过程中，哪些活动符合了既定的政治制度规范，哪些则是突破、违背了既定的政治制度的框架。本章主要围绕苏维埃制度、苏联共产党、党政关系的基本框架加以展开。第二章主要是对非制度化现象在苏联的表现与特征进行概述。笔者首先按照历史发展的逻辑顺序对列宁时期、斯大林时期和后斯大林时期的非制度化现象分别作了简明扼要的梳理，然后归纳出苏联政治生活中的非制度化现象的四个主要特征：1、政治经常借助于意识形态的力量，并以二元论的形态表现出来；2、人治的而非法治的；3、以对生产关系的调整为手段；4、主观主义、教条主义、形式主义、官僚主义色彩浓厚等等。第三章分析了非制度化现象产生的原因。笔者认为，苏联政治生活中严重的非制度化现象产生的原因主要有如下几个方面：刚性的意识形态、超前的文化模式、极端的民族性格、制度性缺陷、未完成的转变——由革命党到执政党、合法性问题意识的缺失、国际因素等。第四章考察了非制度化现象给苏联带来的政治后果。总体而言，非制度化现象造成了严重的政治后果，举其要端，主要表现为:1、作为社会结构上层的党政官僚阶层内部的非制度性紧张，2、作为社会基础的民众的政治冷漠，3、意识形态的过度刚性化，，4、苏共执政合法性资源的流失与枯竭。第五章主要就如何克服和避免非制度化现象而展开。笔者主张，在执政理念方面必须正确处理好五个方面的问题:1、必须实现由革命党向执政党的转变;2、必须正确认识执政党权力的来源:3、必须正确认识执政党的阶级基础和社会基础:4、必须正确认识社会矛盾和社会差别:5、必须树立合法性的问题意识。在执政方式方面必须正确处理好三个方面的问题:1、要正确处理好党和国家的关系:2、要正确处理好党、国家与社会之间的关系:3、要实现政治制度化。在意识形态领域必须塑造具有灵活性和弹性的意识形态。在结束语部分，笔者对苏联政治生活中的非制度化现象进行了反思，谈了四点粗浅的看法:1、应该正确看待苏联政治生活中的非制度化现象:2、应该以发展的眼光看待社会主义:3、应该采取积极的合理、合法的措施认真解决和防范政治发展进程中的非制度化现象:4、应该对社会主义的发展前途充满信心。
[Abstract]:From the actual progress of the development of human society and the evolution of human civilization, it is the political practice form of the first political institutionalization of capitalism. That is to say, the political life of capitalism has the characteristics of democratization, normalization, legalization, procedure and predictability. In theoretical sense, the socialist system should be the ratio of the socialist system. The more advanced form of social practice in the capitalist system should be to make the achievements of the political institutionalization obtained under the capitalist system more vivid and concrete. However, in the process of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, it has not realized such transcendence, but has produced a large number of non institutionalized phenomena in the political practice of the Soviet Union. What is the cause of this situation? What influence and consequence does it have on the evolution of the political life of the Soviet Union? These questions have prompted me to begin to be interested in the non institutionalization of the Soviet political life. This paper is a preliminary study of the Soviet Union Politics and its failure from the Perspective of non institutionalization. Research.
This paper is composed of seven parts.
On the basis of explaining the current situation of Soviet politics and its failure, the introduction clarifies why the Soviet politics should be studied from the perspective of "non institutionalization", and then the main concepts involved in this article are explained, such as institutionalization, political institutionalization, and non degree of control. Finally, the paper is used in this paper. A brief description of the research method is made.
The first chapter of the Soviet Union's basic political system model and its shortcomings have been combed. The basic political system model of the Soviet Union is the prerequisite and basis for the analysis of the non institutionalization of Soviet political life. Only by understanding the basic political system mode of the Soviet Union, can we understand the political process of the Soviet Union. Some activities conform to the established political system norms, which are breakthroughs and violate the framework of the established political system. This chapter focuses on the basic framework of the Soviet system, the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, and the relationship between the party and the government.
The second chapter is an overview of the manifestations and characteristics of the non institutionalized phenomenon in the Soviet Union. First, the author, according to the logical sequence of historical development, combed the non institutionalized phenomena of Lenin period, Stalin period and post Stalin period respectively, and then summed up the four non institutionalized phenomena in the political life of the Soviet Union. The main features are as follows: 1, politics often uses the power of ideology and is displayed in the form of dualism; 2, the rule of man is unlawfully treated; 3, the adjustment of the relationship of production as a means; 4, subjectivism, dogmatism, formalism, bureaucratism and so on.
The third chapter analyzes the causes of the phenomenon of non institutionalization. The author believes that the causes of the serious non institutionalization in the Soviet political life are mainly as follows: rigid ideology, advanced cultural pattern, extreme national character, institutional defects, and uncompleted transformation from the revolutionary party to the ruling party, and the legitimacy of the Soviet Union. Lack of awareness of problems, international factors, etc.
The fourth chapter examines the political consequences of non institutionalization on the Soviet Union.
The major political consequences are as follows: 1, as the upper class of the social structure, the party and government bureaucracy is in the middle.
Non institutional tension, 2, the political apathy of the people as a social foundation, 3, the over rigidity of ideology, and 4,
The loss and exhaustion of the legitimate resources of the Communist Party of the Communist Party of the Communist Party of China.
The fifth chapter mainly focuses on how to overcome and avoid the phenomenon of non institutionalization.
We must correctly handle five problems: 1, we must realize the transformation from the revolutionary party to the ruling party; 2, we must confirm it.
Knowing the source of the ruling party's power: 3, we must correctly understand the class foundation and social foundation of the ruling party: 4, we must confirm positively.
Understanding social contradictions and social differences: 5, we must establish a sense of legitimacy. We must correctly handle the way of governance.
There are three problems: 1, we must correctly handle the relationship between the party and the state: 2, we must correctly handle the party, state and society.
3, to achieve political institutionalization, we must create flexibility and flexibility in the ideological field.
Understand form.
In the concluding remarks, the author rethinks the phenomenon of non institutionalization in the Soviet Union's political life and talks about four points.
Opinions: 1, we should correctly treat the non institutionalization of Soviet political life: 2, we should look at it from a developmental perspective.
Socialism: 3, positive, reasonable and lawful measures should be taken to solve and prevent the non development in the process of political development.
Degree: 4, we should have confidence in the future of socialism.
【学位授予单位】：华东师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2003
【分类号】：D751.2

【引证文献】