小费—改变美国黑人小费收取者生存条件的有利工具

发布时间：2018-06-26 20:30

本文选题：小费 + 对抗　；参考：《四川外国语大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：从1900年代到1990年代,由于价值观的差异以及各方利益冲突,各方对是否应该保留小费这一习惯展开了激烈的争论,并在此期间,发起了小规模的反小费运动。在收取小费的这一些工作人员(下文统称小费收取者)的积极争取下,小费被写入《公平劳动标准法》,小费得以合法化,并延存至今。但也正因为小费的存在,导致小费收取者这一群体无法享受最低工资标准,因此对是否保留小费的争论也一直持续到现在。对于是否保留小费的争论,学术界基本呈现一边倒趋势,认为小费无论在经济上、心理上亦或是道德上,对于美国民众而言都是一种危害,应该得以禁止。他们认为小费对黑人以及其他族裔小费收取者存在歧视现象。但小费收取者却坚持保留小费,尤其在经济萧条期间,雇佣者不发工资,直接用小费取代工资,或者保留小费就没有最低工资保障,导致最后小费收取者没有小费等于没有足够的收入,陷入贫困状况,小费收取者则争取同时拥有最低工资和小费,冲突不断。小费去留问题也终于引起决策者的重视。本文通过大量研究相关学者的论著,有关小费的报道及相关机构的研究,分析了小费得以存在的重要原因,即,小费能够改变美国黑人小费收取者的生存条件。除去绪论及总结部分,本文共分为三章:第一章小费是对抗贫困的有效手段,第二章小费是对抗性别歧视的有效途径,第三章小费是对抗种族歧视的有利工具,通过以上三章的论述,得出小费对改变美国黑人小费收取者的生存条件具有巨大的作用。
[Abstract]:From the 1900s to the 1990s, there was a heated debate over the habit of keeping tips due to differences in values and conflicts of interest, and a small-scale anti-tipping campaign was launched during that period. Under the aggressive efforts of these staff members who collect tips (hereafter collectively referred to as tippers), tips were written into the Fair Labor Standards Act, and tips were legalized and continue to this day. But it is also because of the existence of tips that the tip-taker group is not entitled to the minimum wage, so the debate over whether to keep the tip continues to this day. As to the debate on whether to keep the tip, the academic circles basically show a one-sided trend, and think that the tip is a kind of harm to the American people, whether in economy, psychology or morality, and should be banned. They argue that tips discriminate against black and other ethnic gratuiters. But gratuiters insist on keeping tips, especially in times of recession, when employers don't pay, they replace them with tips, or they don't have minimum wage protection if they keep their tips. As a result, the last tip taker without a tip is equal to not enough income, into poverty, tip takers strive for both minimum wage and tip, conflict. The question of whether to tip or not has finally attracted the attention of policy makers. Based on a large number of relevant scholars' works, reports on tips and relevant institutions, this paper analyzes the important reasons for the existence of tips, that is, tips can change the living conditions of black American gratuiters. Apart from the introduction and conclusion, this paper is divided into three chapters: the first chapter tips is an effective means to combat poverty, the second chapter tips is an effective way to combat gender discrimination, the third chapter tips is a good tool to combat racial discrimination. Through the discussion of the above three chapters, it is concluded that tip has a great effect on changing the living conditions of black American gratuiters.
【学位授予单位】：四川外国语大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D771.2

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